Author: claimsbot

1. A method of purging a fluid line of a fluid system using an adapter, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a filter assembly in fluid communication with a fluid system, the filter assembly having a housing that includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion of the filter assembly having a first port in fluid communication with a first line and a second port in fluid communication with a second line;
positioning a second side of a plate of an adapter in contact with the first portion of the housing, the second side adapted to interface with the external interface of the first portion in a close fitting relation, the close fitting relation defining an interior space between the plate and the first portion, the interior space in fluid communication with the first line and the interior space in fluid communication with an external interface of the plate, the interior space isolated from fluid communication with the second line;
using an attachment mechanism to secure the second side of the adapter plate and the first portion in the close fitting relation;
connecting an external source of pressure to the external interface;
using the external source of pressure to pressurize the interior space, the first port and the first line; and
pressurizing the interior space, first port and first line to purge the first line.
2. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of using the attachment mechanism further includes using a fastener to secure the plate and the first portion in the close fitting relation.
3. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of using the attachment mechanism includes forming a substantially fluid tight seal between the second side of the plate and the first portion that defines the interior space.
4. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of using the attachment mechanism includes using a threaded connection in the plate and in the first portion to secure the second side the plate and first portion together in the close fitting relation.
5. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of using the external source of pressure further includes using the external source of pressure to introduce air under increased pressure into the interior space and first line to purge the first line.
6. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of using the attachment mechanism includes using a fastener and a retention device to secure the second side of the plate and the first portion in the close fitting relation.
7. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of using an external source of pressure further includes using the external source of pressure to withdraw air under decreased pressure from the first line to draw fluid into the first line.
8. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of using the attachment mechanism includes making a substantially fluid tight seal between the second side of the plate and the first portion that defines the interior space.
9. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of providing includes the housing including a cap and a canister, the first portion of the housing is the cap.
10. The method of purging a fluid line of claim 1, wherein the step of providing includes the housing including a cap and a canister, the second portion of the housing is the canister.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A controller for controlling an air-fuel ratio of an internal-combustion engine, comprising:
a first exhaust gas sensor for detecting oxygen concentration of exhaust gas;
a first decimation filter connected to the first exhaust gas sensor; and
a control unit connected to the first decimation filter, the control unit configured to determine a manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio so that an output value from the first decimation filter converges to a target value,
wherein the first decimation filter further comprises:
a first oversampler for oversampling the output of the first exhaust gas sensor in a shorter cycle than a cycle that is used for determining the manipulated variable;
a first low-pass filter for smoothing the oversampled value; and
a first downsampler for re-sampling the smoothed value in the cycle that is used for determining the manipulated variable to output the re-sampled value.
2. The controller of claim 1, wherein the control unit is further configured to perform response assignment control to determine the manipulated variable.
3. The controller of claim 1, wherein the control unit is further configured to perform control that uses one of delta-sigma modulation algorithm, delta modulation algorithm and sigma-delta modulation algorithm to determine the manipulated variable.
4. The controller of claim 1, wherein an object to be controlled by the air-fuel ratio control is an exhaust system, the exhaust system comprising a catalyst converter and the first exhaust gas sensor, the first exhaust gas sensor disposed downstream of the catalyst converter,
wherein the control unit is further configured to:
determine a dead time in the exhaust system based on the output value from the first decimation filter;
calculate an estimated value for the output of the first exhaust gas sensor so that the dead time is compensated; and
determine the manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio based on the estimated value.
5. The controller of claim 4, wherein the object to be controlled by the air-fuel ratio control further comprises an air-fuel ratio manipulating system extending from the control unit through the internal-combustion engine to a second exhaust gas sensor, the second exhaust gas sensor disposed upstream of the catalyst converter,
wherein the control unit is further configured to:
determine a dead time in the air-fuel ratio manipulating system; and
calculate the estimated value for the output of the first exhaust gas sensor so that the dead time in the exhaust system and the dead time in the air-fuel ratio manipulating system are compensated.
6. The controller of claim 4, wherein the control unit is further configured to:
determine a parameter based on the output value from the first decimation filter; and
use the parameter for determining the manipulated variable,
wherein the parameter acts to adapt the manipulation of the air-fuel ratio to state changes of the exhaust system.
7. The controller of claim 1, wherein a cut-off frequency for the first low-pass filter is set to a higher frequency than a frequency that is used to detect a failure of a catalyst converter.
8. A controller for controlling an air-fuel ratio of an internal-combustion engine, comprising:
a first exhaust gas sensor provided downstream of a catalyst converter, the first exhaust gas sensor detecting oxygen concentration of exhaust gas;
a second exhaust gas sensor provided upstream of the catalyst converter, the second exhaust gas sensor detecting an air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas;
a second decimation filter connected to the second exhaust gas sensor; and
a control unit connected to the second decimation filter, the control unit configured to determine a manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio based on the output value from the second decimation filter so that an output value from the first exhaust gas sensor converges to a target value,
wherein the second decimation filter further comprises:
a second oversampler for oversampling the output of the second exhaust gas sensor in a shorter cycle than a cycle that is used for determining the manipulated variable;
a second low-pass filter for smoothing the oversampled value; and
a second downsampler for re-sampling the smoothed value in the cycle that is used for determining the manipulated variable to output the re-sampled value.
9. The controller of claim 8, wherein the control unit is further configured to perform response assignment control to determine the manipulated variable.
10. The controller of claim 8, wherein the control unit is further configured to perform control that uses one of delta-sigma modulation algorithm, delta modulation algorithm and sigma-delta modulation algorithm to determine the manipulated variable.
11. The controller of claim 8, wherein an object to be controlled by the air-fuel ratio control is an exhaust system, the exhaust system extending from the second exhaust gas sensor through the catalyst converter to the first exhaust gas sensor,
wherein the control unit is further configured to:
determine a dead time in the exhaust system based on the output value from the second decimation filter;
calculate an estimated value for the output of the first exhaust gas sensor so that the dead time is compensated; and
determine the manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio based on the estimated value.
12. The controller of claim 11, wherein the object to be controlled by the air-fuel ratio control further comprises an air-fuel ratio manipulating system extending from the control unit through the internal-combustion engine to the second exhaust gas sensor,
wherein the control unit is further configured to:
determine a dead time in the air-fuel ratio manipulating system; and
calculate the estimated value for the output of the first exhaust gas sensor so that the dead time in the exhaust system and the dead time in the air-fuel ratio manipulating system are compensated.
13. The controller of claim 11, wherein the control unit is further configured to:
determine a parameter based on the output value from the second decimation filter; and
use the parameter for determining the manipulated variable,
wherein the parameter acts to adapt the manipulation of the air-fuel ratio to state changes of the exhaust system.
14. The controller of claim 8, wherein a cut-off frequency for the second low-pass filter is set to a higher frequency than a frequency that is used to detect a failure of a catalyst converter.
15. A method for controlling an air-fuel ratio of an internal-combustion engine, comprising the steps of:
(a) oversampling the output of an exhaust gas sensor, the exhaust gas sensor provided in an exhaust manifold of the engine;
(b) low-pass filtering the oversampled value;
(c) re-sampling the filtered value; and
(d) determining a manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio based on the re-sampled value,
wherein a sampling cycle used for the oversampling step is shorter than a cycle used for the determining step, and
wherein a sampling cycle used for the re-sampling step is the same as the cycle used for the determining step.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the exhaust gas sensor is a first sensor for detecting oxygen concentration of exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust manifold, the first sensor provided downstream of a catalyst converter.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the exhaust gas sensor is a second sensor for detecting an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust manifold, the second sensor provided upstream of a catalyst converter.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the step (d) further comprises the step of performing response assignment control to determine the manipulated variable.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the step (d) further comprises the step of performing one of delta-sigma modulation algorithm, delta modulation algorithm and sigma-delta modulation algorithm to determine the manipulated variable.
20. The method of claim 16, further comprising the steps of:
determining a dead time based on the re-sampled value, the dead time being a time required for the air-fuel manipulation to be reflected in the output of the first sensor;
calculating an estimated value for the output of the first sensor so that the dead time is compensated; and
determining the manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio so that the estimated value converges to a target value.
21. The method of claim 17, further comprising the steps of:
determining a dead time based on the re-sampled value, the dead time is being a time required for the air-fuel manipulation to be reflected in the output of a first sensor, the first sensor provided downstream of the catalyst;
calculating an estimated value for the output of the first sensor so that the dead time is compensated; and
determining the manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio so that the estimated value converges to a target value.
22. The method of claim 15, further comprising the steps of:
determining a parameter based on the re-sampled value; and
using the parameter for determining the manipulated variable, the parameter acting to adapt the air-fuel ratio manipulation to state changes of an exhaust system of the engine.
23. The method of claim 15, wherein a cut-off frequency for the low-pass filtering step (b) is set to a higher frequency than a frequency that is used to detect a failure of a catalyst converter.
24. A computer program stored on a computer readable medium for use in controlling an air-fuel ratio of an internal-combustion engine, the computer program comprising:
(a) program code for oversampling the output of an exhaust gas sensor, the exhaust gas sensor provided in an exhaust manifold of the engine;
(b) program code for low-pass filtering the oversampled value;
(c) program code for re-sampling the filtered value; and
(e) program code for determining a manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel based on the re-sampled value,
wherein a sampling cycle used for the program code for oversampling is shorter than a cycle used for the program code for determining the manipulated variable, and
wherein a sampling cycle used for the program code for re-sampling is the same as the cycle used for the program code for determining the manipulated variable.
25. The computer program of claim 24, wherein the exhaust gas sensor is a first sensor for detecting oxygen concentration of exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust manifold, the first sensor provided downstream of a catalyst converter.
26. The computer program of claim 24, wherein the exhaust gas sensor is a second sensor for detecting an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust manifold, the second sensor provided upstream of a catalyst converter.
27. The computer program of claim 24, wherein the program code for determining the manipulated variable further comprises program code for performing response assignment control to determine the manipulated variable.
28. The computer program of claim 24, wherein the program code for determining the manipulated variable further comprises program code for performing one of delta-sigma modulation algorithm, delta modulation algorithm and sigma-delta modulation algorithm to determine the manipulated variable.
29. The computer program of claim 25, further comprising:
program code for determining a dead time based on the re-sampled value, the dead time being a time required for the air-fuel manipulation to be reflected in the output of the first sensor;
program code for calculating an estimated value for the output of the first sensor so that the dead time is compensated; and
program code for determining the manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio so that the estimated value converges to a target value.
30. The computer program of claim 26, further comprising:
program code for determining a dead time based on the re-sampled value, the dead time is being a time required for the air-fuel manipulation to be reflected in the output of a first sensor, the first sensor provided downstream of the catalyst;
program code for calculating an estimated value for the output of the first sensor so that the dead time is compensated; and
program code for determining the manipulated variable for manipulating the air-fuel ratio so that the estimated value converges to a target value.
31. The computer program of claim 24, further comprising:
program code for determining a parameter based on the re-sampled value; and
program code for using the parameter for determining the manipulated variable, the parameter acting to adapt the air-fuel ratio manipulation to state changes of an exhaust system of the engine.
32. The computer program of claim 24, wherein a cut-off frequency used in the program code for low-pass filtering is set to a higher frequency than a frequency used to detect a failure of a catalyst converter.

1. A method for performing payload header suppression in a communications system, comprising:
(a) comparing a first header value from among a plurality of header values to a first mask value from among a plurality of mask values;
(b) setting a corresponding verification indication from among a plurality of verification indications when the first header value is equal to the first mask value;
(c) advancing the first mask value to a second mask value from among the plurality of mask values and the header value to a second header value from among the plurality of header values;
(d) repeating steps (a)-(c) for each header value from among the plurality of data and each mask value from among the plurality of mask values; and
(e) suppressing the plurality of header values according to the plurality of mask values when all of the plurality of verification indications are set.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(f) retrieving a payload header suppression rule including the plurality of mask values.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein step (f) comprises:
(f)(i) retrieving the payload header suppression rule corresponding to a service flow.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(f) verifying the plurality of header values are equal to expected values as defined in a payload header suppression rule.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) comprises:
(a)(i) advancing each mask value of the plurality of mask values and each header value from among the plurality of header values until a mask value corresponds to a first logical value; and
(a)(ii) comparing the header value to the mask value when the first logical value is encountered.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a)(i) comprises:
(a)(i)(A) advancing each mask value of the plurality of mask values and each header value from among the plurality of header values until the mask value corresponds to a logical one.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(f) activating a suppress enable bit to indicate that the plurality of header values are to be suppressed when all of the plurality of verification indications are set.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(f) appending a payload header suppression index to a payload header having the plurality of header values indicating that the payload header has been suppressed.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(f) providing a data packet having the plurality of header values for transmission.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(f) isolating a header, having the plurality of header values, and a payload from a data packet.
11. An apparatus for performing payload header suppression in a communications system, comprising:
a payload header suppression verity circuit configured to:
(a) compare a first header value from among a plurality of header values to a first mask value from among a plurality of mask values;
(b) set a corresponding verification indication from among a plurality of verification indications when the first header value is equal to the first mask value;
(c) advance the first mask value to a second mask value from among the plurality of mask values and the header value to a second header value from among the plurality of header values;
(d) repeat steps (a)-(c) for each header value from among the plurality of data and each mask value from among the plurality of mask values; and

a payload header suppression circuit configured to suppressing the plurality of header values according to the plurality of mask values when all of the plurality of verification indications are set.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the payload header suppression verity circuit comprises:
one or more mask registers configured to store a mask value from among a plurality of mask values;
one or more descriptor registers configured to compare a header value from among a plurality of header values; and
a comparator configured to compare the header value to the mask value and to set a corresponding verification indication from among a plurality of verification indications when the header value is equal to the mask value.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the payload header suppression verity circuit comprises:
a state machine configured to cause the one or more mask registers and the one or more mask descriptor registers to advance until a mask value corresponds to a first logical value.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the state machine is configured to cause the one or more mask registers and the one or more mask descriptor registers to advance until the mask value corresponds to a logical one.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a payload header suppression rule fetch circuit configured to retrieve a payload header suppression rule including the plurality of mask values.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, where the payload header suppression rule fetch circuit is configured to retrieving the payload header suppression rule corresponding to a service flow.
17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the payload header suppression verity circuit is further configured to:
(d) verify the plurality of header values are equal to expected values as defined in a payload header suppression rule.
18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the payload header suppression verity circuit is further configured to:
(d) activate a suppress enable bit to indicate that the plurality of header values are to be suppressed when all of the plurality of verification indications are set.
19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the payload header suppression verity circuit is further configured to append a payload header suppression index to a payload header having the plurality of header values indicating that the payload header has been suppressed.
20. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a description and payload fetch circuit configured to isolate a header, having the plurality of header values, and a payload from a data packet.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A composition comprising a cross-linkable moiety and a targeting moiety wherein said moieties are coupled and wherein said targeting moiety targets damaged lung tissue.
2. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein lung tissue comprises epithelial lining fluid.
3. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said composition does not comprise a polysaccharide or a carbohydrate moiety.
4. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said composition does not comprise a mutant plasminogen activator-inhibitor type 1.
5. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety targets a damage-correlated moiety.
6. The method as recited in claim 5 wherein said damage-correlated moiety comprises a cell surface marker.
7. The method as recited in claim 5 wherein said damage-correlated moiety comprises an ECM component.
8. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety targets elastase.
9. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety targets neutrophil elastase.
10. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety comprises a protease inhibitor moiety.
11. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety comprises an alpha-1 antitrypsin moiety.
12. The composition as recited in claim 11 wherein said alpha-1 antitrypsin moiety is a recombinant alpha-1 antitrypsin moiety.
13. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety comprises an elafin moiety.
14. The composition as recited in claim 13 wherein said elafin moiety is a recombinant elafin moiety
15. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety comprises a serpin moiety.
16. The composition as recited in claim 15 wherein said serpin moiety is a recombinant serpin moiety
17. The composition as recited in claim 15 wherein said serpin moiety is a secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLP1) moiety.
18. The composition as recited in claim 17 wherein said secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLP1) moiety is a recombinant secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLP1) moiety.
19. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety targets at least one matrix metalloproteinase selected from MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-4, MMP-5, MMP-6, MMP-7, MMP-8, and MMP-9.
20. The composition as recited in claim 19 wherein said composition does not comprise a hyaluronic acid or a salt thereof.
21. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety targets desmosine andor isodesmosine.
22. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety targets CD8 andor CD4.
23. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said targeting moiety targets a smoke-related moiety.
24. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a hydroxyl group.
25. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a carboxyl group.
26. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises an ester group.
27. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a cyano group.
28. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a thiol group.
29. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a cysteine group.
30. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a carbonyl group.
31. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises an aldehyde group.
32. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a ketone group.
33. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a primary amine group andor a secondary amine group.
34. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a lysine group.
35. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said cross-linkable moiety comprises a fibrinogen andor a fibrin.
36. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said composition is less than 10 microns.
37. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said composition is less than 5 microns.
38. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said composition is less than 1 micron.
39. The composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said composition further comprises an imaging moiety coupled to said targeting moiety andor to said cross-linkable moiety.