1. A method of making an unsupported catalyst for the decomposition of methane or other lower alkane to produce carbon monoxide-free hydrogen, the method comprising:
preparing a solution of Ni+2 ions using a nickel salt;
adding a base to the solution to precipitate nickel hydroxide or hydrated nickel oxide;
aging the precipitate in the solution liquid;
separating the precipitate from the solution; and
calcining the precipitate to obtain unsupported nickel oxide catalyst precursor particles having a particle size no greater than about fifteen nanometers;
the rate of addition of the base and the time of aging being determined to produce desired nickel oxide catalyst precursor particles from the nickel salt.
2. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising preparing the solution of Ni+2 ions in water and forming the precipitate by adding an aqueous solution of the base to the solution.
3. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising preparing a solution of Ni+2 ions by dissolving one or more nickel compounds selected from the group consisting of nickel chloride, nickel nitrate and nickel acetate in water.
4. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising preparing a solution of Ni+2 ions by dissolving one or more nickel compounds selected from the group consisting of nickel chloride, nickel nitrate and nickel acetate in an alcohol.
5. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising adding a base to the solution of Ni+2 ions, the base being dissolved in a solvent miscible with the solution of Ni+2 ions.
6. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 5 comprising stirring the solution of Ni ions and adding the solution of base to the solution of Ni ions at a rate determined to yield NiO particles having a particle size in a specified range of nanometers up to a maximum of about fifteen nanometers.
7. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising adding an aqueous solution of a base to an aqueous solution of Ni+2 while stirring the mixed solutions and adding the solution of base to the solution of Ni ions at a rate determined to yield NiO particles having a particle size in a specified range of nanometers up to a maximum of about fifteen nanometers.
8. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising preparing a solution of Ni+2 ions by dissolving one or more nickel compounds selected from the group consisting of nickel chloride, nickel nitrate and nickel acetate in a glycol.
9. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising aging the precipitate in the solution liquid for at least ten hours.
10. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising aging the precipitate in the solution for at least one hour.
11. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 comprising calcining the precipitate to obtain nickel oxide catalyst precursor particles having a particle size of about six nanometers to about ten nanometers.
12. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 1 wherein the base is in solution and comprising adding the base to the solution of Ni+2 ions at an addition rate of 0.2 mlmin to 5.3 mlmin until the pH of the solution is about 10 to precipitate nickel hydroxide or hydrated nickel oxide.
13. A method of making a catalyst for the decomposition of methane to produce carbon monoxide-free hydrogen, the method comprising:
preparing an aqueous solution of nickel chloride;
adding additional chloride ions to the aqueous nickel chloride solution;
stirring the nickel ion and chloride ion containing solution while adding a solution of a base to the nickel and chloride ion containing solution, the base being dissolved in a solvent miscible with the nickel and chloride ion containing solution, the rate of addition of the base being determined to yield NiO catalyst precursor particles having a particle size in a specified range of nanometers up to a maximum of about ten nanometers.
14. A method of making a catalyst as recited in claim 13 comprising preparing an aqueous solution of nickel chloride;
adding additional chloride ions to the aqueous nickel chloride solution as sodium chloride.
15. A method of decomposing methane to produce hydrogen comprising passing a stream of gas consisting essentially of methane in fluid flow contact with a catalyst consisting essentially of unsupported, hydrogen reduced nickel oxide particles having an average particle size no greater than about fifteen nanometers wherein the unsupported, hydrogen reduced, nickel oxide particles are made by the method comprising:
preparing a solution of Ni+2 ions using a nickel salt;
adding a base to the solution to precipitate nickel hydroxide or hydrated nickel oxide;
aging the precipitate in the solution liquid;
separating the precipitate from the solution; and
calcining the precipitate to obtain unsupported nickel oxide catalyst precursor particles having a particle size no greater than about fifteen nanometers;
the rate of addition of the base and the time of aging being determined to produce desired nickel oxide catalyst precursor particles from the nickel salt.
16. A method of decomposing methane to produce hydrogen gas as recited in claim 15
wherein the base is in solution and comprising adding the base to the solution of Ni+2 ions at an addition rate of 0.2 mlmin to 5.3 mlmin until the pH of the solution is about 10 to precipitate nickel hydroxide or hydrated nickel oxide.
17. A method of decomposing methane to produce hydrogen gas as recited in claim 15 further comprising converting methane to hydrogen at a methane conversion rate of forty-five to fifty percent over a period of two to three hours without interrupting the passing of the stream of gas consisting essentially of methane.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An output driver, comprising:
a pull-down section for an integrated circuit including a plurality of dual-mode legs coupled in parallel between an output node and ground, wherein the pull-down section is configured to receive a calibration word having a plurality of calibration bits corresponding to the plurality of dual-mode legs, wherein the plurality of dual-mode legs are configured to sink a desired current from the output node to ground in response to an assertion of a complement data signal; and wherein each dual-mode leg includes:
a resistor having a first terminal coupled to the output node;
a data transistor coupled between a second terminal for the resistor and ground, the data transistor configured to conduct responsive to an assertion of the complement data signal, wherein the data transistor has a size sufficient to conduct a portion of the desired current at a fastest-expected process corner for the output driver; and
a calibration transistor coupled between the second terminal and ground, the calibration transistor configured to conduct responsive to an assertion of the leg’s corresponding calibration bit, wherein the calibration transistor has a different size relative to the data transistor size so that a sum current conducted by the data transistor and the calibration transistor equals the portion of the desired current at a slowest-expected process corner for the output driver.
2. The output driver of claim 1, wherein the dual-mode legs are arranged from a first dual-mode leg to a last dual-mode leg, each dual-mode leg subsequent to the first dual-mode leg following a preceding dual-mode leg, and wherein each dual-mode leg’s resistor subsequent to the first dual-mode leg has a resistance that is one-half of a resistance for the preceding dual-mode leg’s resistor.
3. The output driver of claim 1, wherein each resistor is a thin-film resistor.
4. The output driver of claim 3, wherein each thin-film resistor comprises titanium nitride.
5. The output driver of claim 2, wherein the data transistor for the first dual-mode leg has a first strength, and wherein the data transistor for each dual-mode leg subsequent to the first dual-mode leg has a strength of twice the strength for the data transistor in the preceding dual-mode leg.
6. The output driver of claim 2, wherein the data transistors and the calibration transistors comprise NMOS transistors.
7. The output driver of claim 1, further comprising a pull-up section having a plurality of dual-mode pull-up legs coupled between the output node and a power supply node, wherein each dual-mode pull-up leg includes a resistor, and wherein each dual-mode pull-up leg is configured to conduct using only a data path in a first mode of operation and to conduct using the data path and a calibration path in a second mode of operation, and wherein the pull-up section is configured to receive a pull-up calibration word having a plurality of calibration bits corresponding to the plurality of dual-mode legs in the pull-up section.
8. The output driver of claim 7, wherein each dual-mode pull-up leg comprises:
a resistor having a first terminal coupled to the output node;
a data transistor coupled between a second terminal for the dual-mode pull-up leg’s resistor and the power supply node and having a gate coupled to the complement data output signal; and
a calibration transistor coupled between the dual-mode pull-up leg’s resistor’s second terminal and the power supply node and having a gate coupled to the dual-mode pull-up leg’s calibration bit.
9. The output driver of claim 8, wherein the dual-mode pull-up legs are arranged from a first dual-mode pull-up leg to a last dual-mode pull-up leg, each dual-mode pull-up leg subsequent to the first dual-mode pull-up leg having a preceding dual-mode pull-up leg, wherein the resistor for the first dual-mode pull-up leg has a first resistance, and wherein the resistor for each dual-mode pull-up leg subsequent to the first dual-mode pull-up leg has a resistance of one half the resistance for the resistor in the preceding dual-mode pull-up leg.
10. The output driver of claim 8, wherein the data transistors and the calibration transistors in the dual-mode pull-up legs comprise PMOS transistors.
11. A method, comprising:
providing a pull-down section for an integrated circuit including a plurality of legs coupled in parallel between an output node and ground, wherein the pull-down section is configured to receive a calibration word having a plurality of calibration bits corresponding to the plurality of legs, wherein the plurality of legs are configured to sink a desired current from the output node to ground responsive to an assertion of a complement data signal and wherein each dual-mode leg includes: a resistor having a first terminal coupled to the output node; a data transistor coupled between a second terminal for the resistor and ground, the data transistor configured to conduct responsive to an assertion of the complement data signal, wherein the data transistor has a size so as to conduct a portion of the desired current at a fastest-expected process corner for the integrated circuit; and a calibration transistor coupled between the second terminal and ground, the calibration transistor configured to conduct responsive to an assertion of the leg’s corresponding calibration bit, wherein the calibration transistor has a different size relative to the data transistor size so that a sum current conducted by the data transistor and the calibration transistor equals the portion of the desired current at a slowest-expected process corner for the integrated circuit;
responsive to the assertion of a complement data output signal, coupling an output node to ground through a plurality of legs having differing resistances by switching on the data transistor in each leg; and
calibrating an output impedance for the output node by switching on the calibration transistor in selected ones of the legs while the complement data output signal is asserted.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
responsive to a de-assertion of the complement data output signal, coupling the output node to a power supply node through a plurality of pull-up legs having differing resistances by switching on a data path to the power supply node in each pull-up leg; and
calibrating the output impedance for the output node by switching on a calibration path to the power supply node in selected ones of the pull-up legs while the complement data output signal is de-asserted.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein switching on the data path in each pull-up leg comprises switching on a PMOS data transistor in each pull-up leg’s data path.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein switching on the calibration path in the selected ones of the pull-up legs comprises switching on a PMOS calibration transistor in each selected pull-up leg’s calibration path.