Author: claimsbot

1. A method of reducing noise in a digital video signal generated by a sensor comprising a matrix of pixels generating a plurality of pixel signals, the method comprising:
estimating a respective thermal noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a first distribution;
estimating a respective shot noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a second Poisson distribution; and
filtering each pixel signal with a respective attenuation factor based upon the respective estimated thermal noise level and respective estimated shot noise level.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein filtering comprises filtering spatial and temporal frequencies corresponding to noise.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein filtering comprises averaging a number of values; and
wherein the number of values being averaged increases with the estimated noise level.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
estimating an average noise level associated with a group of pixel signals from the plurality thereof, the group of pixel signals defining at least a part of an image in the digital video signal;
determining an average level of the group of pixel signals; and
determining a respective estimated noise level for the group of pixel signals by weighting the average noise level as a function of a ratio of the pixel signal and the average level of the group of pixel signals.
5. The method of claim 4 further comprising estimating the respective noise level for each pixel signal by weighting the average noise level with a square root value of the ratio.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising determining at least one of the ratio and the square root value based upon a plurality of values in a look-up table.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising performing the estimating of the noise level associated with the plurality of pixel signals based upon a plurality of images in the digital video signal.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising performing the filtering of the plurality of pixel signals based upon a plurality of images in the digital video signal.
9. The method of claim 7 further comprising encoding the digital video signal by operating on the plurality of images in the digital video signal with at least one of the plurality of images stored in an encoding memory.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising performing the estimating of the noise level associated with the plurality of pixel signals by operating on the at least one image stored in the encoding memory.
11. The method of claim 9 further comprising performing the filtering of the plurality of pixel signals by operating on the at least one image stored in the encoding memory.
12. A device for reducing noise in a digital video signal from a sensor comprising a matrix of pixels generating a plurality of pixel signals, the device comprising:
an encoder; and
an processor to be coupled to said encoder and configured to
estimate a respective thermal noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a first distribution;
estimate a respective shot noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a second Poisson distribution; and
filter each pixel signal with a respective attenuation factor based upon the respective estimated thermal noise level and respective estimated shot noise level.
13. The device of claim 12 wherein said encoder is configured to reduce the noise in the digital video signal and includes an encoding memory.
14. The device of claim 12 wherein said processor is configured to filter by filtering spatial and temporal frequencies corresponding to noise.
15. The device of claim 12 wherein said processor is configured to filter by averaging a number of values; and wherein the number of values being averaged increases with the estimated noise level.
16. The device of claim 12 wherein said processor is configured to:
estimate an average noise level associated with a group of pixel signals from the plurality thereof, the group of pixel signals defining at least a part of an image in the digital video signal;
determine an average level of the group of pixel signals; and
determine a respective estimated noise level for the group of pixel signals by weighting the average noise level as a function of a ratio of the pixel signal and the average level of the group of pixel signals.
17. The device of claim 16 wherein said processor is configured to estimate the respective noise level for each pixel signal by weighting the average noise level with a square root value of the ratio.
18. The device of claim 17 wherein said processor is configured to determine at least one of the ratio and the square root value based upon a plurality of values in a look-up table.
19. A computer-implemented method for reducing noise in a digital video signal from a sensor comprising a matrix of pixels generating a plurality of pixel signals, the method comprising:
estimating a respective thermal noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a first distribution;
estimating a respective shot noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a second Poisson distribution; and
filtering each pixel signal with a respective attenuation factor based upon the respective estimated thermal noise level and respective estimated shot noise level.
20. The computer-implemented method of claim 19 wherein filtering comprises filtering spatial and temporal frequencies corresponding to noise.
21. The computer-implemented method of claim 19 wherein filtering comprises averaging a number of values; and wherein the number of values being averaged increases with the estimated noise level.
22. The computer-implemented method of claim 19 wherein the method further comprises:
estimating an average noise level associated with a group of pixel signals from the plurality thereof, the group of pixel signals defining at least a part of an image in the digital video signal;
determining an average level of the group of pixel signals; and
determining a respective estimated noise level for the group of pixel signals by weighting the average noise level as a function of a ratio of the pixel signal and the average level of the group of pixel signals.
23. A method of reducing noise in a digital video signal generated by a sensor comprising a matrix of pixels generating a plurality of pixel signals, the method comprising:
estimating a respective thermal noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a first distribution;
estimating a respective shot noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a second Poisson distribution;
estimating an average noise level associated with a group of pixel signals from the plurality thereof, the group of pixel signals defining at least a part of an image in the digital video signal;
determining an average level of the group of pixel signals;
determining a respective estimated noise level for the group of pixel signals by weighting the average noise level as a function of a ratio of the pixel signal and the average level of the group of pixel signals;
estimating a respective noise level for each pixel signal by weighting the average noise level with a square root value of the ratio; and
filtering each pixel signal with a respective attenuation factor based upon the respective estimated noise level.
24. A device for reducing noise in a digital video signal from a sensor comprising a matrix of pixels generating a plurality of pixel signals, the device comprising:
an encoder; and
an processor to be coupled to said encoder and configured to
estimate a respective thermal noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a first distribution,
estimate a respective shot noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a second Poisson distribution,
estimate an average noise level associated with a group of pixel signals from the plurality thereof, the group of pixel signals defining at least a part of an image in the digital video signal,
determine an average level of the group of pixel signals,
determine a respective estimated noise level for the group of pixel signals by weighting the average noise level as a function of a ratio of the pixel signal and the average level of the group of pixel signals,
estimate a respective noise level for each pixel signal by weighting the average noise level with a square root value of the ratio, and
filter each pixel signal with a respective attenuation factor based upon the respective estimated noise level.
25. A computer-implemented method for reducing noise in a digital video signal from a sensor comprising a matrix of pixels generating a plurality of pixel signals, the method comprising:
estimating a respective thermal noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a first distribution;
estimating a respective shot noise level for each pixel signal in the plurality thereof based upon a second Poisson distribution;
estimating an average noise level associated with a group of pixel signals from the plurality thereof, the group of pixel signals defining at least a part of an image in the digital video signal;
determining an average level of the group of pixel signals;
determining a respective estimated noise level for the group of pixel signals by weighting the average noise level as a function of a ratio of the pixel signal and the average level of the group of pixel signals;
estimating a respective noise level for each pixel signal by weighting the average noise level with a square root value of the ratio; and
filtering each pixel signal with a respective attenuation factor based upon the respective estimated noise level.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A fixing apparatus comprising:
a coil for forming a magnetic field;
a fixing rotatable member for fixing an unfixed toner image carried on a recording material thereon by heat generated by eddy currents which is generated by the magnetic field;
electric power supply control means for controlling electric power supply to said coil;
rotating means for rotating said fixing rotatable member; and
wherein on the basis of a state of rotation of said fixing rotatable member a predetermined time after operation said rotating means, the electric power supply to said coil thereafter is selectively carried out or not.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electric power supply is selectively carried out or not by an electronic element in an electric circuit.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said fixing rotatable member locally generates heat by said coil.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature of said fixing rotatable member, wherein said fixing rotatable member controls the electric power supply to said coil such that temperature of said fixing rotatable member is a predetermined temperature while said fixing rotatable member is rotated.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electric power supply to the coil is started prior to start of rotation of said fixing rotatable member.
6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the state of rotation is a number of rotations per unit time.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein when the number of rotations is outside a predetermined range, the electric power supply to said coil is not carried out.
8. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein when the number of rotations is within a predetermined range, the electric power supply to the coil is continued.
9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the state of rotation is a rotational speed.
10. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein when the rotational speed is outside a predetermined range, the electric power supply to said coil is not carried out.
11. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein when the rotational speed is within a predetermined range, the electric power supply to the coil is continued.
12. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said fixing rotatable member is rotated on the basis of a rotating operation signal.
13. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said fixing rotatable member is a fixing roller.
14. An image forming apparatus comprising unfixed toner image forming means for forming an unfixed toner image on a recording material and a fixing device as defined in claim 1.

1-52. cancel
53. A medical robotic system that utilizes an endoscope, comprising:
a first robotic arm;
a second robotic arm;
a third robotic arm adapted to support the endoscope;
a cabinet coupled to said first, second and third robotic arms;
a monitor attached to said cabinet, said monitor having a screen;
a plurality of handles that extend from said cabinet and are coupled to said first and second robotic arms; and
a foot pedal connected to said cabinet.
54. The system of claim 53, wherein said foot pedal includes a button that can be depressed to activate said third robotic arm.
55. The system of claim 53, further comprising a first surgical instrument coupled to said second robotic arm.
56. The system of claim 55, further comprising a second surgical instrument coupled to said second robotic arm.
57. A medical robotic system that utilizes an endoscope and is operated by a surgeon, comprising:
a first robotic arm;
a second robotic arm;
a third robotic arm adapted to support the endoscope;
a cabinet coupled to said first, second and third robotic arms;
a monitor attached to said cabinet, said monitor having a screen;
handle means for allowing the surgeon to control said first and second robotic arms; and,
input means for allowing the surgeon to activate said third robotic arm.
58. The system of claim 57, wherein said input means includes a foot pedal.
59. The system of claim 58, wherein said foot pedal includes a button that can be depressed to activate said third robotic arm.
60. The system of claim 57, further comprising a first surgical instrument coupled to said first robotic arm.
61. The system of claim 60, further comprising a second surgical instrument coupled to said second robotic arm.
62. A method for operating a medical robotic system, comprising:
moving a first handle to move a first robotic arm;
moving a second handle to move a second robotic arm; and,
pressing a foot pedal to activate a third robotic arm.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. Implant for blood vessels, in particular to influence the flow of blood in the area of arteriovenous malformations, said implant having a wall consisting of individual filaments (2) forming, in essence, a tubular braiding extending in axial direction from the proximal to the distal end, wherein the individual filaments (2) cross one another and form points of intersection (3), and wherein the implant (1) being deformable in such a manner that, when accommodated in an insertion catheter, it is shaped so that its diameter is reduced and can be expanded at the implantation site adapting to the diameter of the blood vessel, and wherein the filament ends at the proximal andor distal end of the braiding are each brought together at least in pairs and connected with each other permanently, and with the filament ends connected with each other being shaped so as to be atraumatic, characterized in that the filaments (2) crossing one another at the points of intersection (3) located distally from the filament ends are directly or indirectly connected with each other at the proximal end (10) of the implant (1).
2. Implant according to claim 1, characterized in that the filaments (2) crossing each other are directly or indirectly connected with each other at points of intersection (3) located farthest to proximal distally to the filament ends.
3. Implant according to claim 1, characterized in that the filaments (2) at points of intersection (3) located at the proximal end (10) of the implant (1) are passed through loops (8) formed by wires (9) secured at the implant (1).
4. Implant according to claim 3, characterized in that the wires (9) forming the loops (8) are secured at the proximal end (10) of the implant (1).
5. Implant according to claim 1, characterized in that at least some of the filaments (2) form eyelets (12) at the points of intersection (3) located at the proximal end (10) of the implant (1) through which the further filaments (2) are run that intersect with the relevant filament (2) at this point of intersection (3).
6. Implant according to claim 1, characterized in that the filaments (2) crossing at the points of intersection (3) located in the area of the proximal end (10) of the implant (1) are knotted, bonded, soldered or welded together at this location.
7. Implant according to claim 1, characterized in that radiopaque markings are arranged at the ends of the filaments (2) brought together at the proximal andor distal end of the implant (1).
8. Implant according to claim 7, characterized in that the radiopaque markers are sleeves (5) surrounding the joined filaments (2).
9. Implant according to claim 8, characterized in that the sleeves (5) surrounding the joined filaments (2) located adjacent to one another are of staggered arrangement with respect to each other in axial direction.
10. Implant according to claim 1, characterized in that the filaments (2) are metallic individual wires or strands.
11. Implant according to claim 1, characterized in that connecting elements (11) are arranged at the proximal andor distal filament ends, with said connecting elements extending in proximal or distal direction and being provided with thickenings (6) at their ends.
12. Combination consisting of an implant according to claim 1 and a pusher wire (14), wherein the implant (1) is attached to the pusher wire (14) via a retaining element (15).
13. Combination according to claim 12, characterized in that thickenings (6) are arranged at the proximal end of the implant (1) which via form closure are held by the retaining element (15), wherein a portion (16) of the retaining element (15) is designed so as to be electrolytically corrodible so that the proximal end of the implant (1) is set free when said portion (16) has been dissolved electrolytically.
14. Combination according to claim 13, characterized in that the corrodibly designed portion (16) of the retaining element (15) is provided in the form of a disk (17) with an opening, wherein the thickenings (6) located at the proximal end of the implant (1) extend through said opening and wherein the diameter of the opening is adapted to the thickenings (6) in such a manner that said thickenings (6) cannot pass through the opening as long as the disk (17) is left intact.
15. Combination according to claim 12, characterized in that the pusher wire (14) is provided with a pusher wire tip (18) extending from the distal end of the pusher wire (14) further in distal direction and into the interior of the implant (1), in particular up to the distal end of the implant (1) or even beyond it.