Author: claimsbot

1. A fluid working machine comprising:
a controller and a working chamber of cyclically varying volume,
the working chamber having an electronically controllable primary low pressure valve associated therewith to control the connection of the working chamber to a first low pressure manifold by a first path,
the controller being operable to actively control at least the primary low pressure valve, in phased relationship to cycles of working chamber volume, to determine the net displacement of fluid by the working chamber on a cycle by cycle basis,
wherein the working chamber further comprises a secondary low pressure port which is openable and closable in phased relationship to cycles of working chamber volume to connect the working chamber by a second path to either the first low pressure manifold or a second low pressure manifold different from the first low pressure manifold, to enable fluid to flow into or out of the working chamber concurrently and in parallel through both the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port during a portion of at least some cycles of working chamber volume, wherein the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port are openable concurrently and in parallel at the point in an expansion or contraction stroke where the rate of change of volume of the working chamber is greatest.
2. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein
the controller is operable, in respect of at least some cycles of working chamber volume in which both the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port are open concurrently, to close the primary low pressure valve a period of time after the secondary low pressure port closes.
3. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of said working chambers, wherein the controller is operable to control a plurality of electronically controllable valves, including at least the electronically controllable primary low pressure valve associated with each of the plurality of said working chambers, on a cycle by cycle basis, to determine the net displacement of fluid by each of the plurality of said working chambers.
4. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the fluid working machine is a pump, or a motor, or is operable to function as either a pump or a motor in different operating modes.
5. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the secondary low pressure port is openable and closable by a secondary electronically controllable valve.
6. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the secondary low pressure port is openable and closable by a normally-closed pressure-openable check valve.
7. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the secondary low pressure port is openable and closable by a mechanical arrangement operatively linked to the expansion and contraction cycle of the working chamber.
8. A fluid working machine according to claim 7, wherein the secondary low pressure port comprises one or more apertures in the working chamber and the fluid working machine comprises one or more fluid conducting conduits, the fluid working machine being operable to periodically bring the one or more fluid conducting conduits into alignment with the one or more apertures to thereby bring the working chamber into fluid communication with the low pressure manifold to which the secondary low pressure port is openable and closable to connect the working chamber for a period of time, in phased relation to cycles of working chamber volume.
9. A fluid working machine according to claim 7, wherein the fluid working machine is a radial piston pump, in which the working chamber has a volume defined by a cylinder and a reciprocating piston, the piston having a base in sliding contact with an eccentric attached to a rotatable crankshaft, the secondary low pressure port comprising an aperture in the base of the piston,
wherein the eccentric comprises one or more fluid conducting conduits adapted to periodically bring the aperture into fluid communication with the low pressure manifold to which the secondary low pressure port is openable and closable to connect the working chamber in phased relation to cycles of working chamber volume.
10. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the secondary low pressure port is openable and closable in phased relationship to cycles of working chamber volume and is connected to the working chamber by the second path to the second low pressure manifold different from the first low pressure manifold, and wherein the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port are each openable to bring the working chamber into and out of fluid communication with different low pressure manifolds.
11. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port are provided spaced apart along a length of the working chamber.
12. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the working chamber is a piston cylinder having a generally fixed end and a moving end, and wherein the primary low pressure valve is provided at the fixed end of the cylinder and the secondary low pressure port is provided at the moving end of the cylinder.
13. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, further comprising
a rotatable shaft, the angular displacement of which is mechanically linked to the instantaneous volume of the working chamber; and
a shaft position sensor operable to determine the angular displacement of said rotatable shaft.
14. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, functioning as a pump wherein, in use, at the beginning of the expansion stroke of a pumping cycle, the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port are closed concurrently and the secondary low pressure port remains closed for a period of time which is sufficient to cause the pressure within the working chamber to drop below the pressure of the first low pressure manifold, such that there is a net pressure differential across the first low pressure manifold, urging the primary low pressure valve to open.
15. A fluid working machine according to claim 1, wherein the machine is functioning as a pump and the secondary low pressure port is openable during the expansion stroke but not openable during the contraction stroke, or wherein when the machine is functioning as a motor and the secondary low pressure port is openable during the contraction stroke but not openable during the expansion stroke.
16. A method of supplying fluid to or receiving fluid from a fluid working machine working chamber of cyclically varying volume, during an expansion or contraction stroke of the working chamber respectively, comprising:
opening an electronically controllable primary low pressure valve, in phased relation to cycles of working chamber volume, to bring the working chamber into fluid communication with a first low pressure manifold by a first path under the active control of a controller on a cycle by cycle basis,
opening a secondary low pressure port, in phased relation to cycles of working chamber volume, to bring the working chamber into fluid communication with either the first low pressure manifold or a second low pressure manifold different from the first low pressure manifold by a second path, such that, during a portion of at least some cycles of working chamber volume, the primary low pressure valve and secondary low pressure port are open concurrently such that fluid flows into or out of the working chamber, as appropriate, through both the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port in parallel, wherein the primary low pressure valve and the secondary pressure port are open concurrently and in parallel at the point in the expansion or contraction stroke where the rate of change of volume of the working chamber is greatest.
17. A method according to claim 16, wherein in respect of at least some cycles of working chamber volume in which both said primary low pressure valve and said secondary low pressure port are open concurrently, the controller is operable to close the primary low pressure valve a period of time after the secondary low pressure port closes.
18. A method according to claim 16, wherein the fluid working machine is a pump, or a motor, or is operable to function as either a pump or a motor in different operating modes.
19. A method according to claim 16, wherein, in use, at the beginning of the expansion stroke of a pumping cycle, the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port are closed concurrently and the secondary low pressure port remains closed for a period of time which is sufficient to cause the pressure within the working chamber to drop below the pressure of the first low pressure manifold, such that there is a net pressure differential across the first low pressure manifold, urging the primary low pressure valve to open.
20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising program code for a fluid working machine controller of a fluid working machine further comprising a working chamber of cyclically varying volume, the working chamber having an electronically controllable primary low pressure valve associated therewith to control the connection of the working chamber to a first low pressure manifold by a first path and a secondary low pressure port which is openable and closable in phased relationship to cycles of working chamber volume to connect the working chamber by a second path to either the first low pressure manifold or a second low pressure manifold different from the first low pressure manifold, to enable fluid to flow into or out of the working chamber concurrently and in parallel through both the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port during a portion of at least some cycles of working chamber volume at the point in an expansion or contraction stroke where the rate of change of volume of the working chamber is greatest, wherein the program code executed on the fluid working machine controller is configured to cause at least the primary low pressure valve to be actively controlled, in phased relationship to cycles of working chamber volume, to determine the net displacement of fluid by the working chamber on a cycle by cycle basis.
21. A fluid working machine comprising:
a controller, and a working chamber of cyclically varying volume,
the working chamber having an electronically controllable primary low pressure valve associated therewith to control the connection of the working chamber to a first low pressure manifold,
the controller being operable to actively control at least the primary low pressure valve, in phased relationship to cycles of working chamber volume, to determine the net displacement of fluid by the working chamber on a cycle by cycle basis,
wherein the working chamber further comprises a secondary low pressure port which is openable and closable in phased relationship to cycles of working chamber volume to connect the working chamber to either the first low pressure manifold or a second low pressure manifold different from the first low pressure manifold, to enable fluid to flow into or out of the working chamber concurrently and in parallel through both the primary low pressure valve and the secondary low pressure port during a portion of at least some cycles of working chamber volume,
wherein the machine is functioning as a pump and the secondary low pressure port is openable during an expansion stroke but not during a contraction stroke, or wherein the machine is functioning as a motor and the secondary low pressure port is openable during the contraction stroke but not during the expansion stroke.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more, comprising the steps in the sequence set forth:
preparing a silica porous body,
conducting a reduction treatment to the silica porous body in an atmosphere containing a reducing gas at a reaction temperature of 100\xb0 C. or higher and 1,300\xb0 C. or lower for 30 minutes or more,
conducting a baking treatment to the silica porous body at a reaction temperature of 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower, thereby forming a dense glass body having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more,
wherein said reducing gas is a volatile silicon compound containing nitrogen andor carbon, and said volatile silicon compound is at least one kind of compound selected from the group consisting of an organosiloxane, an alkoxysilane, an aroxysilane, an organosilane, and an organopolysilane and
wherein the dense glass body has a natural logarithmic value of viscosity at 1280\xb0 C. in an approximate range of 11.7 and 12.4.
2. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the reduction treatment is carried out at a reaction temperature of 100\xb0 C. or higher and 800\xb0 C. or lower, followed by baking at 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower, thereby obtaining a transparent glass body.
3. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the silica porous body is subjected to the reduction treatment by reacting with a carbon-containing gas at 400\xb0 C. or higher and 1,300\xb0 C. or lower, followed by baking at 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower, thereby obtaining a densified black glass body.
4. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 1, which is characterized in that after the reduction treatment, a heating treatment is carried out in an atmosphere containing hydrogen, followed by subjecting to a baking treatment, thereby obtaining a dense glass body.
5. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the dense glass body is further subjected to a heating treatment in a non-oxidative atmosphere under a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of from 1,200\xb0 C. to 1,900\xb0 C.
6. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the dense glass body is subjected to the heating treatment in an inert gas atmosphere under a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure and up to 10,000 kgcm2 in the temperature range of from 1,200\xb0 C. to 1,900\xb0 C.
7. A production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more, comprising the steps in the sequence set forth:
preparing a silica porous body,
conducting a reduction treatment to the silica porous body in an atmosphere containing a reducing gas at a reaction temperature of 100\xb0 C. or higher and 1,300\xb0 C. or lower for 30 minutes or more,
conducting a baking treatment to the silica porous body at a reaction temperature of 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower, thereby forming a dense glass body having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more,
wherein said reducing gas is a volatile silicon compound containing nitrogen andor carbon, and said volatile silicon compound is at least one kind of compound selected from the group consisting of a silazane and an organosilazane, after the reduction treatment, a heating treatment is carried out in an atmosphere containing hydrogen, followed by subjecting to a baking treatment, thereby obtaining a dense glass body and
wherein the dense glass body has a natural logarithmic value of viscosity at 1280\xb0 C. in an approximate range of 11.7 and 12.4.
8. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the reduction treatment is carried out at a reaction temperature of 100\xb0 C. or higher and 800\xb0 C. or lower, followed by baking at 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower, thereby obtaining a transparent glass body.
9. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the silica porous body is subjected to the reduction treatment by reacting with a carbon-containing gas at 400\xb0 C. or higher and 1,300\xb0 C. or lower, followed by baking at 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower, thereby obtaining a densified black glass body.
10. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the dense glass body is further subjected to a heating treatment in a non-oxidative atmosphere under a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of from 1,200\xb0 C. to 1,900\xb0 C.
11. The production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass according to claim 10, which is characterized in that the dense glass body is subjected to the heating treatment in an inert gas atmosphere under a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure and up to 10,000 kgcm2 in the temperature range of from 1,200\xb0 C. to 1,900\xb0 C.
12. A production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more comprising the steps in the sequence set forth:
preparing a silica porous body,
conducting a reduction treatment to the silica porous body in an atmosphere containing a reducing gas at a reaction temperature of 100\xb0 C. or higher and 1,300\xb0 C. or lower for 30 minutes or more,
conducting a baking treatment to the silica porous body at a reaction temperature of 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower, thereby forming a dense glass body having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more,
wherein said reducing gas is a volatile silicon compound containing nitrogen andor carbon,
wherein the volatile silicon compound is hexamethyldisilazane and
wherein the dense glass body has a natural logarithmic value of viscosity at 1280\xb0 C. in an approximate range of 11.7 and 12.4.
13. A production process of a highly heat-resistant synthetic quartz glass having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more comprising the steps in the sequence set forth:
preparing a silica porous body,
conducting a reduction treatment to the silica porous body in an atmosphere containing a reducing gas at a reaction temperature of 100\xb0 C. or higher and 1,300\xb0 C. or lower,
conducting a baking treatment to the silica porous body at a reaction temperature of 1,300\xb0 C. or higher and 1,900\xb0 C. or lower for 30 minutes or more, thereby forming a dense glass body having an absorption coefficient at 245 nm of 0.05 cm\u22121 or more,
wherein said reducing gas is a volatile silicon compound containing nitrogen andor carbon,
wherein the volatile silicon compound is hexamethyldisiloxane and
wherein the dense glass body has a natural logarithmic value of viscosity at 1280\xb0 C. in an approximate range of 11.7 and 12.4.

1. A method, comprising:
receiving video of an event;
generating an overlay for the video;
generating an information message containing information enabling a receiver of the video and the overlay to selectively display or hide the overlay; and
transmitting the video, the overlay, and the information message, the video being transmitted in a primary stream of a multi-stream transmission including a primary stream and one or more auxiliary streams, the overlay being transmitted in a first one of the auxiliary streams.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the information is transmitted in a second one of the auxiliary streams.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the information includes a label of the overlay.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the information further includes a transparency of the overlay.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the label of the overlay is transmitted in the second one of the auxiliary streams and the transparency of the overlay is transmitted in a third one of the auxiliary streams.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating a further overlay for the video, wherein the further overlay is transmitted with the video, the overlay, and the information message.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the further overlay is transmitted in one of the first one of the auxiliary streams and a second one of the auxiliary streams.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-stream transmission is encoded according to the second version of the High Efficiency Video Coding standard.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the overlay includes one of a score of a game, a game clock, a player name, a player role, a current game statistic, a historical game statistic, a position of an in-game object, a news ticker, a stock ticker, and an advertisement.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the overlay includes an advertisement, and wherein a viewer of the multi-stream transmission may subscribe to a premium service to selectively remove the overlay.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the overlay comprises an image including a plurality of pixels.
12. A system, comprising:
an interface receiving a multi-stream transmission, a primary stream of the multi-stream transmission comprising video of an event, a first one of one or more auxiliary streams of the multi-stream transmission comprising an overlay for the video, the multi-stream transmission further comprising an information message containing information enabling a receiver of the multi-stream transmission to selectively display or hide the overlay;
a user interface receiving a user instruction instructing the device to one of display the overlay and hide the overlay; and
an overlayer performing one of displaying the overlay and hiding the overlay based on the user instruction and the information message.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the information is transmitted in a second one of the auxiliary streams.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the information includes a label of the overlay.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the information further includes a transparency of the overlay.
16. The system, of claim 15, wherein the label of the overlay is transmitted in the second one of the auxiliary streams and the transparency of the overlay is transmitted in a third one of the auxiliary streams.
17. The system of claim 12, wherein the multi-stream transmission further includes a further overlay for the video.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the further overlay is transmitted in one of the first one of the auxiliary streams and a second one of the auxiliary streams.
19. The system of claim 12, wherein the multi-stream transmission is encoded according to the second version of the High Efficiency Video Coding standard.
20. The system of claim 12, wherein the overlay includes one of a score of a game, a game clock, a player name, a player role, a current game statistic, a historical game statistic, a position of an in-game object, a news ticker, a stock ticker, and an advertisement.
21. The system of claim 12, wherein the overlay comprises an image including a plurality of pixels.
22. A method, comprising:
receiving a multi-stream transmission including a video of an event in a primary stream of the multi-stream transmission, an overlay in an auxiliary stream of the multi-stream transmission, and an information message;
receiving a user selection to one of display the overlay and hide the overlay; and
outputting a display including the video based on the user selection and the information message, the display including the overlay when the user selection is to display the overlay, the display not including the overlay when the user selection is to hide the overlay.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A flanged fitting comprising:
proximal, central, and distal sections between proximal and distal ends of the fitting;
wherein the proximal section comprises a flange portion having a circumference, proximal, first vertical, and distal surfaces, and a plurality of bolt holes extending through the flange portion from its proximal surface to distal surface, wherein the plurality of bolt holes are circumferentially arranged in the flange portion;
a central opening extending from the proximal to distal end of the fitting and having a central axis, the opening having an inner surface;
the central section having a tubular shape and comprising, in a proximal to distal arrangement: a first curved outer surface defining a first section of fitting wall between the inner surface that decreases in thickness; a second vertical surface, parallel to the central axis and defining a second section of fitting wall between the inner surface that is constant in thickness; and a second curved surface defining a third section of fitting wall between the inner surface that increases in thickness;
the distal section comprising a third vertical surface parallel to the central axis defining a fourth section of fitting wall between the inner surface that is constant in thickness;
wherein the fourth section of fitting wall has an outer diameter and thickness that is greater than a thickness of an outer diameter and thickness of the second section of fitting wall.
2. The flanged fitting of claim 1 further comprising a raised portion that extends proximally from the flange portion, the raised portion having a circumference that is smaller than the flange circumference.
3. The flanged fitting of claim 1 further comprising a third angled outer surface angled relative to the central axis and defining a fifth section of fitting wall between the inner surface that decreases in thickness.
4. The flanged fitting of claim 1 wherein the wherein the thickness of the fourth section of fitting wall is about 1.8-about 2.0 times the thickness of the of the second section of fitting wall.
5. The flanged fitting of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the fourth section of fitting wall is about 1.9 times the thickness of the second section of fitting wall.
6. The flanged fitting of claim 1 wherein the central opening has an inner diameter, and the thickness of the second section of fitting wall is in the range of about 15-25% of the inner diameter.
7. The flanged fitting of claim 6 wherein the thickness of the second section of fitting wall is about 20% of the inner diameter.
8. The flanged fitting of claim 1 wherein the central opening has an inner diameter, and the thickness of the fourth section of fitting wall is in the range of about 35-45% of the inner diameter.
9. The flanged fitting of claim 8 wherein the thickness of the fourth section of fitting wall is about 40% of the inner diameter.
10. The flanged fitting of claim 3 wherein, as measured along the central axis, a combined length of the third, fourth, and fifth sections of the fitting wall are less than the length of the second section of fitting wall.
11. The flanged fitting of claim 1 wherein the second section of fitting wall has an outer diameter that is smaller than the outer diameter of any section of the fitting having a constant wall thickness.
12. The flanged fitting of claim 1 wherein the inner surface comprises an inner threaded surface positioned between first inner non-threaded surface and second inner non-threaded surface, wherein the inner threaded surface is capable of receiving a threaded plug and is closer to the proximal end than the distal end.
13. A system comprising the flanged fitting of claim 12 and a threaded plug capable of being screwed into an inner threaded surface.
14. The system of claim 13 wherein the threaded plug comprises a central opening through the plug.
15. The system of claim 14 wherein the central opening of the threaded plug is square or rectangular in shape.
16. A system comprising the flanged fitting of claim 1, a finishing cap attachable to the proximal end of the fitting and having bolt holes in alignment with the bolt holes of the fitting.
17. A method for accessing a pipe comprising steps of (a) providing a fitting of claim 1, and (b) attaching the distal end of the fitting to a pipeline.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising steps of forming an opening in a sidewall of a pipeline sized to accommodate the distal end of the fitting.
19. A flanged fitting comprising:
proximal, central, and distal sections between proximal and distal ends of the fitting;
wherein the proximal section comprises a flange portion having a circumference, proximal, first vertical, and distal surfaces, and a plurality of bolt holes extending through the flange portion from its proximal surface to distal surface, wherein the plurality of bolt holes are circumferentially arranged in the flange portion;
a central opening extending from the proximal to distal end of the fitting and having a central axis, the opening having an inner surface;
the central section having a tubular shape and comprising, in a proximal to distal arrangement: a first angled outer surface angled relative to the central axis and defining a first section of fitting wall between the inner surface that decreases in thickness; a second vertical surface, parallel to the central axis and defining a second section of fitting wall between the inner surface that is constant in thickness; and a second angled outer surface angled relative to the central axis defining a third section of fitting wall between the inner surface that increases in thickness;
the central section further comprising a first curved transition surface between the first angled outer surface and the second outer vertical surface, and a second curved transition surface between the second outer vertical surface and the second angled outer surface,
the distal section comprising a third vertical surface parallel to the central axis defining a fourth section of fitting wall between the inner surface that is constant in thickness;
wherein the fourth section of fitting wall has an outer diameter and thickness that is greater than a thickness of an outer diameter and thickness of the second section of fitting wall.
20. The flanged fitting of claim 19 wherein the second angled outer surface is at an angle in range of about 28\xb0 to about 38\xb0 to the central axis.
21. The flanged fitting of claim 20 wherein the second angled outer surface is at an angle of about 32\xb0, 33\xb0, or 34\xb0to the central axis.