Author: claimsbot

1. An instant message (IM) interface configured to extend a target application over an IM link of a communication network, the IM interface comprising:
a communication interface configured to transfer a reply IM to an originating application; and
a processing system configured to obtain data from the target application, provide an output form to a messaging Application Programming Interface (messaging API), with the output form being provided from a set of Forms Definition Language (FDL) forms, with the messaging API being protocol-dependent and with the set of FDL forms being protocol-independent, and generate the reply IM in an originating application protocol using the data, the output form, and one or more protocol-specific libraries of the messaging API, with the reply IM comprising an originating application protocol-specific IM.
2. The IM interface of claim 1, with the communication interface being further configured to receive an IM from the originating application, with the IM requesting a target application transaction and wherein the data is obtained in response to the IM.
3. The IM interface of claim 1, with the communication interface being further configured to receive an IM from the originating application, with the IM requesting a target application transaction and wherein the data is obtained in response to the IM, and with the communication interface being further configured to transfer an input request form IM to the originating application in response to the IM; and
with the processing system being further configured to select an input form in the messaging API from a set of Forms Definition Language (FDL) forms in response to the IM and generate the input request form IM in the messaging API and using the input form and the one or more protocol-specific libraries, wherein the input request form IM requests and accepts input data related to the target application transaction.
4. The IM interface of claim 1, wherein the communication network comprises an IM communication network.
5. The IM interface of claim 1, with the processing system being further configured to encrypt the target protocol IM to create an encrypted target protocol IM.
6. The IM interface of claim 1, wherein the target application protocol comprises eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).
7. The IM interface of claim 1, with the obtaining data comprising:
generating a target protocol data request message in a target application protocol using the output form and one or more protocol-specific libraries of the messaging API, with the target protocol data request message comprising a target application protocol-specific transaction request;
receiving a reply message from the target application in response to the target protocol data request message;
generating a reply IM from the reply message using the one or more protocol-specific libraries, wherein the reply IM includes target application reply data from the target application; and
transferring the reply IM to the originating application.
8. The IM interface of claim 1, wherein the output form is selected and provided by an IM interface.
9. The IM interface of claim 1, wherein the output form is provided by the originating application.
10. A method for extending a target application over an Instant Message (IM) link of a communication network, the method comprising:
obtaining data from the target application;
providing an output form to a messaging Application Programming Interface (messaging API), with the output form being provided from a set of Forms Definition Language (FDL) forms, with the messaging API being protocol-dependent and with the set of FDL forms being protocol-independent;
generating a reply IM in an originating application protocol using the data, the output form, and one or more protocol-specific libraries of the messaging API, with the reply IM comprising an originating application protocol-specific instant message; and
transferring the reply IM to the originating application.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the communication network comprises an IM communication network.
12. The method of claim 10, further comprising encrypting the reply IM to create an encrypted reply IM.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the originating application protocol comprises eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the output form is selected and provided by an IM interface.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the output form is provided by the originating application.
16. A method for extending a target application over an Instant Message (IM) link of a communication network, the method comprising:
receiving an IM in a messaging Application Programming Interface (messaging API) from an originating application, with the IM requesting a target application transaction;
obtaining data requested in the IM;
providing an output form to the messaging API, with the output form being provided from a set of Forms Definition Language (FDL) forms, with the messaging API being protocol-dependent and with the set of FDL forms being protocol-independent;
generating a reply IM in an originating application protocol using the data, the output form, and one or more protocol-specific libraries of the messaging API, with the reply IM comprising an originating application protocol-specific instant message; and
transferring the reply IM to the originating application.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the communication network comprises an IM communication network.
18. The method of claim 16, further comprising encrypting the reply IM to create an encrypted reply IM.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the originating application protocol comprises eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).
20. The method of claim 16, with the obtaining data comprising:
generating a target protocol data request message in a target application protocol using the output form and one or more protocol-specific libraries of the messaging API, with the target protocol data request message comprising a target application protocol-specific transaction request;
receiving a reply message from the target application in response to the target protocol data request message;
generating a reply IM from the reply message using the one or more protocol-specific libraries, wherein the reply IM includes target application reply data from the target application; and
transferring the reply IM to the originating application.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein the output form is selected and provided by an IM interface.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein the output form is provided by the originating application.
23. A method for extending a target application over an Instant Message (IM) link of a communication network, the method comprising:
receiving a first IM in a messaging Application Programming Interface (messaging API) from an originating application, with the first IM requesting a target application transaction;
selecting an input form in the messaging API from a set of Forms Definition Language (FDL) forms in response to the first IM, with the messaging API being protocol-dependent and with the set of FDL forms being protocol-independent;
generating an input request form IM in the messaging API using the input form and one or more protocol-specific libraries, wherein the input request form IM requests and accepts input data related to the target application transaction;
transferring the input request form IM to the originating application;
receiving a second IM in the messaging API in response to the input request form IM;
obtaining data requested in the second IM;
providing an output form to the messaging API, with the output form being provided from the set of FDL forms;
generating a reply IM in an originating application protocol using the data, the output form, and the one or more protocol-specific libraries of the messaging API, with the reply IM comprising an originating application protocol-specific instant message; and
transferring the reply IM to the originating application.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the communication network comprises an IM communication network.
25. The method of claim 23, further comprising encrypting the reply IM to create an encrypted reply IM.
26. The method of claim 23, wherein the originating application protocol comprises eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).
27. The method of claim 23, with the obtaining data comprising:
generating a target protocol data request message in a target application protocol using the output form and one or more protocol-specific libraries of the messaging API, with the target protocol data request message comprising a target application protocol-specific transaction request;
receiving a reply message from the target application in response to the target protocol data request message;
generating a reply IM from the reply message using the one or more protocol-specific libraries, wherein the reply IM includes target application reply data from the target application; and
transferring the reply IM to the originating application.
28. The method of claim 23, wherein the output form is selected and provided by an IM interface.
29. The method of claim 23, wherein the output form is provided by the originating application.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for alleviating pain in a patient suffering therefrom comprising administering to said patient an analgesic effective amount of a compound of the formula:
wherein
R is aryl lower alkyl and R is unsubstituted or is substituted with at least one electron withdrawing group or electron donating group;
R1 is lower alkyl and R1 is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or an electron withdrawing group; and
R2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, halo, heterocyclic, heterocyclic lower alkyl, lower alkyl heterocyclic, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkyl lower alkyl, or ZY;
R3 is lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, halo, heterocyclic, heterocyclic lower alkyl, lower alkyl heterocyclic, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkyl lower alkyl or ZY;
wherein R2 and R3 may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one electron withdrawing group or electron donating group and wherein heterocyclic in R2 and R3 is furyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiszolyl, isoxazolyl, piperidyl, pyrrolinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoquinolyl, benozofuryl, benzothienyl, morpholinyl, benzoxazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, pyranyl, indazolyl, purinyl, indolinyl, pyrazolindinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolindinyl, pyrrolidinyl, furazanyl, N-methylindolyl, methylfuryl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, epoxy, aziridino, oxetanyl or azetidinyl;
Z is O or NR6\u2032;
Y is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, or lower alkynyl, and Y may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or an electron withdrawing group, or
ZY taken together is NR4NR5R7, NR4OR5, or ONR4R7;
R6\u2032 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and R6\u2032 maybe unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or electron donating group;
R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, or lower alkynyl, wherein R4 and R5 are independently unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or an electron donating group; and
R7 is COOR8, COR8, hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, or aryl lower alkyl which R7 maybe unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or electron donating group; and
R8 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, or aryl lower alkyl, and the aryl or alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or an electron donating group;
wherein the electron withdrawing group and electron donating group are selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, trifluoromethyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, mercapto, lower alkylthio, and lower alkyldithio.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein R2 is hydrogen.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein
R2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclic lower alkyl, or ZY; and
R3 is lower alkyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclic lower alkyl or ZY;

wherein R2 and R3 are independently unsubstituted or substituted by an electron withdrawing group or electron donating group.
4. The method according to claim 3 wherein
R2 is hydrogen and R3 is lower alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclic lower alkyl or ZY;

which R3 may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or electron donating group.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein R2 is hydrogen and R3 is lower alkyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating or electron withdrawing group or NR4OR5.
6. The method according to claim 5 wherein R3 is lower alkyl which is unsubstituted substituted with hydroxy or lower alkoxy, or NR4OR5 or wherein R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R is aryl lower alkyl, which aryl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group and R1 is lower alkyl.
7. The method according to claim 6 wherein aryl is phenyl.
8. The method according to claim 3 wherein one of R2 and R3 is heterocyclic.
9. The method according to claim 8 wherein heterocyclic is heteroaromatic.
10. The method according to claim 8 wherein R3 is furyl, pyridyl, thienyl or thiazolyl.
11. The method according to claim 6 wherein aryl is phenyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with halo.
12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound is
(R)-N-Benzyl-2-acetamide-3-methoxy-propionamide;
O-methyl-N-acetyl-D-serine-m-fluorobenzylamide;
O-methyl-N-acetyl-D-serine-p-fluorobenzylamide;
N-acetyl-D-phenylglycinebenzylamide;
D-1,2-(N,O-dimethylhydroxylamino)-2-acetamide acetic acid benzylamide; or
D-1,2-(O-methylhydroxylamino)-2-acetamido acetic acid benzylamide.
13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the pain is neuropathic pain.
14. The method according to claim 3 wherein the pain is neuropathic pain.
15. The method according to claim 1 wherein the pain is nociceptive pain.
16. The method according to claim 3 wherein the pain is nociceptive pain.
17. The method according to claim 1 wherein the carbon atom which is substituted by R2 and R3 is in the D configuration.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound is of the formula:
wherein
Ar is aryl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating or electron withdrawing group, and
Q is lower alkoxy.
19. The method according to claim 18 wherein Ar is unsubstituted aryl or aryl substituted with halo.
20. The method according to claim 18 wherein Q is methoxy.
21. The method according to claim 18 wherein Q is methoxy and Ar is unsubstituted aryl or aryl substituted with halo.
22. The method according to claim 18 wherein the carbon atom which is bonded to CH2Q is in the D configuration.
23. The method of claim 1 wherein the pain is chronic pain.
24. The method according to claim 3 wherein the pain is chronic pain.
25. The method according to claim 1 wherein R is benzyl which may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or electron donating group.
26. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl.
27. The method according to claim 1 wherein R is benzyl, R1 is lower alkyl and R2 is hydrogen.
28. The method according to claim 27 wherein R3 is CH2Q, NR4OR5 or NR4NR5R7, wherein Q is lower alkoxy, R4 is hydrogen or alkyl containing 1-3 carbon atoms, R5 is hydrogen or alkyl containing 1-3 carbon atoms and R7 is hydrogen or alkyl containing 1-3 carbon atoms.
29. The method according to claim 28 wherein R3 is CH2Q.
30. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl, R is benzyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is CH2Q wherein Q is methoxy.
31. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl, R is m-fluorobenzyl, R2 is H and R3 is CH2Q, wherein Q is methoxy.
32. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl, R is p-fluorobenzyl, R2 is H, and R3 is CH2Q wherein Q is methoxy.
33. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl, R is benzyl, R2 is hydrogen and R3 is phenyl.
34. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl, R is benzyl, R2 s hydrogen and R3 is N(CH3)OCH3.
35. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl, R is benzyl, R2 is hydrogen and R3 is NH(OCH3).
36. The method according to claim 1 wherein R1 is methyl, R is fluorophenyl, R2 is H, and R3 is CH2Q, wherein Q is methoxy.
37. A method for alleviating pain in a patient suffering therefrom comprising administering to said patient an analgesic effective amount of a compound of the formula:
wherein
R is aryl lower alkyl and R is unsubstituted or is substituted with at least one electron withdrawing group or electron donating group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, trifluoromethyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, mercapto, lower alkylthio, and lower alkyldithio;
R1 is methyl, and is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or an electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxy carbonyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, mercapto, lower alkylthio, and lower alkyldithio;
R2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, halo, heterocyclic, heterocyclic lower alkyl, lower alkyl heterocyclic, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkyl lower alkyl, or ZY;
R3 is lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, halo, heterocyclic, heterocyclic lower alkyl, lower alkyl heterocyclic, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkyl lower alkyl or ZY;
wherein R2 and R3 may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one electron withdrawing group or electron donating group and wherein heterocyclic in R2 and R3 is furyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, piperidyl, pyrrolinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoquinolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, morpholinyl, benzoxazolyl, tetrahydrafuryl, pyranyl, indazolyl, purinyl, indolinyl, pyrazolindinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolindinyl, pyrrolidinyl, furazanyl, N-methylindolyl, methylfuryl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, epoxy, aziridino, oxetanyl or azetidinyl;
Z is O, or NR6\u2032;
Y is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl, and Y may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or an electron withdrawing group, or
ZY taken together is NR4NR5R7, NR4OR5, or ONR4R7;
R6\u2032 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, aryl lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, or lower alkynyl, and R4 and R5 may be independently unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or an electron donating group; and
R7 is COOR8, COR8, hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl or aryl lower alkyl, which R7 may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or electron donating group;
R8 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, or aryl lower alkyl, and the aryl or alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with an electron withdrawing group or an electron donating group.
38. The method according to claim 37 wherein R1 is methyl which is unsubstituted.
39. The method according to claim 37 wherein R is benzyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted on the phenyl ring with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group.
40. The method according to claim 38 wherein R is benzyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted on the phenyl ring with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group.
41. The method according to claim 37 wherein R2 is hydrogen.
42. The method according to claim 38 wherein R2 is hydrogen.
43. The method according to claim 39 wherein R2 is hydrogen.
44. The method according to claim 40 wherein R2 is hydrogen.
45. The method according to claim 37 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
46. The method according to claim 38 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
47. The method according to claim 39 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
48. The method according to claim 40 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
49. The method according to claim 41 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
50. The method according to claim 42 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
51. The method according to claim 43 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
52. The method according to claim 44 wherein R3 is a lower alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an electron donating group or electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, carboxy, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, formyl, aryl, carboxyamido, trifluoromethyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl,aryl lower alkanoyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, dilower alkylamino, aryloxy, mercapto or lower alkylthio.
53. The method according to any one of claims 37-52 wherein R3 is lower alkyl substituted by an electron donating group.
54. The method according to claim 53 wherein R3 is lower alkyl substituted by lower alkoxy.

1. An operating method of a memory controller configured to control a nonvolatile memory device, the operating method comprising:
generating a code word through polar encoding of information bits;
reading a mapping pattern;
generating a repeated mapping pattern through iteration of the mapping pattern; and
mapping each bit of the code word onto a specific bit of multi-bit data of the nonvolatile memory device, based upon the repeated mapping pattern.
2. The operating method of claim 1, wherein a length of the repeated mapping pattern is equal to a length of the code word.
3. The operating method of claim 1, wherein mapping each bit of the code word onto a specific bit of multi-bit data of the nonvolatile memory device comprises mapping each bit of the code word onto a least significant bit or a most significant bit according to the repeated mapping pattern.
4. The operating method of claim 1, wherein mapping each bit of the code word onto a specific bit of multi-bit data of the nonvolatile memory device comprises mapping each bit of the code word onto a least significant bit, a central significant bit, or a most significant bit according to the repeated mapping pattern.
5. The operating method of claim 1, further comprising transferring a mapped code word as multi-bit write data to the nonvolatile memory device.
6. The operating method of claim 5, further comprising:
receiving multi-bit read data from the nonvolatile memory device;
converting the multi-bit read data into a read code word based upon the repeated mapping pattern; and
decoding the read code word.
7. The operating method of claim 1, further comprising:
performing error correction encoding on a mapped code word; and
transferring an encoded code word as multi-bit write data to the nonvolatile memory device.
8. The operating method of claim 7, further comprising:
receiving multi-bit read data from the nonvolatile memory device;
performing error correction decoding on the multi-bit read data;
converting decoded multi-bit read data into a read code word based upon the repeated mapping pattern; and
decoding the read code word.
9. A method of selecting a mapping pattern used to map a polar coded code word onto multi bits of a nonvolatile memory device, comprising:
generating a plurality of patterns;
generating a plurality of repeated patterns by iteration of each of the plurality of patterns;
calculating error rates of the plurality of repeated patterns; and
selecting one of the plurality of repeated patterns according to calculated error rates.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein calculating of error rates is performed based upon probability density functions of the multi bits.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein calculating error rates comprises calculating error rates of bits of an input stage of a polar encoder based upon the probability density functions of the multi bits.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one of error rates of bits of an input stage of the polar encoder exceeds a reference value, a corresponding repeated pattern is not selected.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein a repeated pattern having a lowest average of error rates of bits of an input stage of the polar encoder is selected.
14. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
storing a pattern corresponding to a selected repeated pattern at a controller controlling the nonvolatile memory device.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein a length of the repeated pattern is equal to a length of the polar coded code word.
16. A method of transferring data between a host and a nonvolatile memory device in response to a request from the host to a memory controller configured to control a read operation and a write operation, the method comprising:
upon receiving write operation data from the host, the memory controller writing coded data to the nonvolatile memory device by performing polar code encoding on data input from the host and mapping bits of a polar coded code word onto multi-bit data such that polar code word bits mapped onto the most significant bits are written to the nonvolatile memory device as most significant bits, polar code word bits mapped onto the central significant bits are written to the nonvolatile memory device as central significant bits, and polar code word bits mapped onto the least significant bits are written at the nonvolatile memory device as least significant bits; and
upon receiving read operation coded data from the nonvolatile memory device, the memory controller restores data for the host by polar code decoding on data input from the nonvolatile memory device through remapping of least significant bits, central significant bits, and most significant bits read from the nonvolatile memory device.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein when one memory cell of the nonvolatile memory device is configured to store 2-bit data and a code word has a length of two bits, the code word is mapped onto multi-bit data such that:
a first bit of the code word is mapped onto a least significant bit, and a second bit thereof is mapped onto a most significant bit, or
a first bit of the code word is mapped onto a most significant bit, and a second bit thereof is mapped onto a least significant bit.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein when one memory cell of the nonvolatile memory device is configured to store 2-bit data and a code word has a length of four bits, the code word is mapped onto multi-bit data such that:
(1) a first bit of the code word may be mapped onto a most significant bit, a second bit thereof may be mapped onto a least significant bit, a third bit of the code word may be mapped onto a most significant bit, and a fourth bit thereof may be mapped onto a least significant bit, or
(2) a first bit of the code word is mapped onto a most significant bit, a second bit thereof is mapped onto a least significant bit, a third bit of the code word is mapped onto a least significant bit, and a fourth bit thereof is mapped onto a most significant bit, or
(3) a first bit of the code word is mapped onto a least significant bit, a second bit thereof is mapped onto a most significant bit, a third bit of the code word is mapped onto a most significant bit, and a fourth bit thereof is mapped onto a most significant bit, or
(4) a first bit of the code word is mapped onto a least significant bit, a second bit thereof is mapped onto a least significant bit, a third bit of the code word is mapped onto a most significant bit, and a fourth bit thereof is mapped onto a most significant bit, or
(5) a first bit of the code word is mapped onto a least significant bit, a second bit thereof is mapped onto a most significant bit, a third bit of the code word is mapped onto a most significant bit, and a fourth bit thereof is mapped onto a least significant bit.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein when one memory cell is configured to store 2-bit data and a code word has an n-bit length, the code word is mapped onto multi-bit data according to one of patterns calculated using the following equation:
n
!
(
(

n
2

)

!

)

2
20. The method of claim 16, wherein when one memory cell stores m-bit data and a code word has an n-bit length, the code word may be mapped onto multi-bit data according to one of patterns calculated using the following equation:
n
!
(
(

n
m

)

!

)

m

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A display comprising:
a light source comprising a two-dimensional array of light-emitting elements each having a controllable light output; and
a spatial light modulator comprising a plurality of controllable elements located to modulate light from the light source;
wherein:
the spatial light modulator has more controllable elements than the light source has light-emitting elements;
each of the light-emitting elements of the light source is located to illuminate a plurality of corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator; and
the display comprises a grid of reflective walled channels located intermediate the light source and the spatial light modulator.
2. The display of claim 1 wherein the reflective walled channels are hexagonal and arranged in a honeycomb structure.
3. The display of claim 1 wherein each of the light-emitting elements emits light into one of the reflective-walled channels.
4. The display of claim 1 wherein each of the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator is illuminated by light from only one of the reflective-walled channels.
5. A display according to claim 1 wherein the light-emitting elements comprise light emitting diodes which emit white light.
6. A display comprising:
a light source comprising a two-dimensional array of light-emitting elements each having a controllable light output; and,
a spatial light modulator comprising a plurality of controllable elements located to modulate light from the light source;
wherein:
the spatial light modulator has more controllable elements than the light source has light-emitting elements;
each of the light-emitting elements of the light source is located to illuminate a plurality of corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator; and
at the spatial light modulator, a distribution of light incident from each of a plurality of the light-emitting elements of the light source comprises a convolution of a rectangular distribution and a spread function wherein the spread function has a full width at half maximum in the range of 0.3\xd7d2 to 3\xd7d2, where d2 is a center-to-center spacing on the spatial light modulator of distributions of light modulated by adjacent light-emitting elements of the light source.
7. The display of claim 6 wherein each of the light-emitting elements of the light source corresponds to eight or more corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator.
8. The display of claim 4 wherein each light-emitting element of the light source corresponds to 145 or fewer corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator.
9. The display of claim 6 comprising a diffuser located intermediate the light source and the spatial light modulator.
10. The display of claim 6 comprising a diffuser located between the spatial light modulator and a viewing position.
11. The display of claim 6 wherein, a ratio of luminance of a first point, for which a corresponding light-emitting element is at a maximum light output and a corresponding element of the spatial light modulator is set to provide maximum illumination, and a second point, for which the corresponding light-emitting element is at minimum light output and the corresponding element of the spatial light modulator is set to provide minimum illumination, exceeds 1000:1.
12. The display of claim 6 wherein, a ratio of luminance of a first point, for which a corresponding light-emitting element is at a maximum light output and a corresponding element of the spatial light modulator is set to provide maximum illumination, and a second point, for which the corresponding light-emitting element is at minimum light output and the corresponding element of the spatial light modulator is set to provide minimum illumination, exceeds 1500:1.
13. The display of claim 6 wherein each of the light-emitting elements comprises a solid state light emitting element.
14. The display of claim 13 wherein the solid state light emitting elements comprise light emitting diodes.
15. The display of claim 13 wherein a color of light emitted by the solid state light emitting elements is controllable.
16. The display of claim 6 wherein the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator comprise liquid crystal display elements.
17. A display according to claim 6 wherein the light-emitting elements comprise light emitting diodes which emit white light.
18. The display according to claim 6, wherein:
the light-emitting elements comprise white light emitting Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs); and
the display further comprises a video control circuit configured to receive an image signal, and, based on the image signal, provide a backlight control signal configured to locally dim portions of the LED array.
19. The display according to claim 18, wherein:
the spatial light modulator comprises an LCD panel; and
the video control circuit further configured to, based on the image signal, provide an LCD control signal configured to adjust the LCD panel to modulate the locally dimmed light from the LED array so that a resulting image viewed on the LCD panel approaches a desired image carried by the image signal.
20. The display according to claim 6, wherein:
the spatial light modulator comprises an LCD panel; and
the display further comprises a video control circuit configured to receive an image signal, and, based on the image signal, provide an LCD control signal configured to adjust the LCD panel to modulate light from the light emitting elements so that a resulting image viewed on the LCD panel approaches a desired image carried by the image signal.
21. The display according to claim 6, wherein:
the spatial light modulator comprises an LCD panel, and the light source comprises a two-dimensional array of Light Emitting Diode (LED) based white light-emitting sources; and
the display further comprises a video control circuit configured to receive an image signal, and, based on the image signal, provide a backlight control signal configured to locally dim portions of the LED based white light-emitting sources when applied to the LED based white light-emitting sources, and an LCD control signal configured to set a transmissivity in each pixel of the LCD panel when applied to the LCD panel, said transmissivity of each pixel of the LCD panel being an amount to modulate each pixel at the LCD panel being such that a low resolution image provided by the LED based white light-emitting sources is transformed by modulation according to the LCD panel so that an image viewed on the LCD panel approaches a desired image.
22. The display according to claim 21, wherein pixels of the light source are common to a plurality of pixels of the spatial light modulator, and the LCD control signal is configured to control the higher-resolution spatial light modulator to reduce artefacts which result from the fact that each pixel of the lower-resolution light source is common to a plurality of pixels of the higher-resolution spatial light modulator.
23. The display according to claim 21, wherein pixels of the light source are of a lower resolution than pixels of the spatial light modulator, and the LCD control signal is configured to control the higher-resolution spatial light modulator to reduce artefacts which result from the fact that the spatial light modulator has more controllable elements than the light source has light-emitting elements.
24. The display according to claim 21, wherein the backlight control signal is configured to adjust intensity of the light emitting elements over a predetermined intensity range in a predetermined number of steps and the LCD control signal is configured to adjust intensity of the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator over a similar intensity range in a number of steps greater than the predetermined number of steps.
25. The display according to claim 6, wherein the light emitting elements adjust light intensity in coarser steps than the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator.
26. The display according to claim 6, wherein the light emitting elements are configured to be adjusted over an intensity range in a predetermined number of steps and the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator are configured to be adjusted over a similar range of intensity in a number of steps greater than the predetermined number of steps.
27. The display according to claim 26, wherein the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator are configured to be adjusted over the intensity range in 512 steps.
28. The display according to claim 6, wherein the illumination of the controllable light elements on the spatial light modulator comprises an approximation of a desired image.
29. A display comprising:
a light source comprising a two-dimensional array of light-emitting elements each having a controllable light output; and,
a spatial light modulator comprising a plurality of controllable elements located to modulate light from the light source;
wherein:
the spatial light modulator has more controllable elements than the light source has light-emitting elements;
each of the light-emitting elements of the light source is located to illuminate a plurality of corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator; and,
the light-emitting elements of the light source each have a number N of discrete selectable brightness levels, and the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator have a number M of discrete selectable brightness levels and N>M.
30. A display according to claim 29 wherein the light-emitting elements comprise light emitting diodes which emit white light.
31. A display comprising:
a light source comprising a two-dimensional array of light-emitting elements each having a controllable light output;
a spatial light modulator comprising a plurality of controllable elements located to modulate light from the light source;
wherein:
the spatial light modulator has more controllable elements than the light source has light-emitting elements;
each of the light-emitting elements of the light source is located to illuminate a plurality of corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator;
each of the light-emitting elements comprises a solid state light emitting element;
the solid state light emitting elements comprise light emitting diodes; and,
the light emitting diodes emit white light.
32. The display of claim 31 wherein the spatial light modulator comprises a color spatial light modulator.
33. The display of claim 32 wherein each controllable element of the spatial light modulator comprises a plurality of color sub pixels.
34. The display of claim 31 comprising a controller connected to deliver image data to both the light source and the spatial light modulator.
35. The display of claim 34 wherein the controller is configured to periodically refresh the controllable elements and to dim or turn off the corresponding light emitting element while a controllable element is being refreshed.
36. The display of claim 34 comprising a light detector coupled to receive stray light from at least one of the light-emitting elements and to generate a stray light intensity signal indicative of an intensity of the stray light wherein the controller is configured to: receive the stray light intensity signal; determine a current correction for the at least one of the light-emitting elements based at least in part on the intensity of the stray light from the at least one of the light-emitting elements and a reference value; and, use the current correction in controlling the at least one of the light-emitting elements.
37. A display according to claim 36 wherein the light detector is coupled to receive the stray light by a planar waveguide.
38. A display according to claim 37 wherein the light-emitting elements are received in apertures of the planar waveguide and the waveguide captures light emitted by the light-emitting elements in a sideways direction.
39. A display according to claim 38 wherein the planar waveguide is located behind the light-emitting elements.
40. The display of claim 34 wherein upon determining that a defective one of the light-emitting elements is not operating, the controller is configured to increase intensities of other light-emitting elements adjacent to the defective one of the light-emitting elements.
41. The display of claim 34 wherein upon determining that a defective one of the light-emitting elements is not operating, the controller is configured to increase a transmissivity of those of the controllable elements which correspond to the defective light-emitting element.
42. A display according to claim 34 comprising a planar waveguide located in front of the light-emitting elements and a light sensor coupled to the planar waveguide to detect light emitted by the light-emitting elements.
43. A display according to claim 42 wherein one surface of the planar waveguide is roughened sufficiently to direct a fraction of light emitted by the light-emitting elements into the planar waveguide.
44. The display of claim 31 wherein the light-emitting elements are arranged in a regular array.
45. A display according to claim 31 comprising a control circuit for individually varying the controllable light outputs of the light-emitting elements by varying duty cycles of the light-emitting elements.
46. A display according to claim 31 comprising a control circuit for individually varying the controllable light outputs of the light-emitting elements by varying electrical driving currents delivered to the light-emitting elements.
47. A display comprising:
a light source comprising a two-dimensional array of light-emitting elements each having a controllable light output;
a spatial light modulator comprising a plurality of controllable elements located to modulate light from the light source;
wherein:
the spatial light modulator has more controllable elements than the light source has light-emitting elements;
each of the light-emitting elements of the light source is located to illuminate a plurality of corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator;
the light-emitting elements are arranged in a regular array; and,
the display comprises light barriers disposed between adjacent ones of the light-emitting elements.
48. The display of claim 47 wherein the array is a rectangular array.
49. The display of claim 47 wherein the array is a hexagonal array.
50. A display according to claim 47 wherein the light-emitting elements comprise light emitting diodes which emit white light.
51. A display comprising:
a light source comprising a two-dimensional array of light-emitting elements each having a controllable light output; and
a spatial light modulator comprising a plurality of controllable elements located to modulate light from the light source;

wherein:
the spatial light modulator has more controllable elements that the light source has light-emitting elements;
each of the light-emitting elements of the light source is located to illuminate a plurality of corresponding controllable elements of the spatial light modulator;
at the spatial light modulator , a distribution of light incident from each of a plurality of the light emitting elements of the light source comprises a convolution of a rectangular distribution and a spread function wherein the spread function has a full width at half maximum in the range of 0.3\xd7d2 to 3\xd7d2, where d2 is a center-to-center spacing on the spatial light modulator of distributions of light modulated by adjacent light-emitting elements of the light-source;
the light source comprises a two-dimensional array of Light Emitting Diode (LED) based white light-emitting sources;
the display further comprising a video control circuit configured to receive an image signal, and, based on the image signal, provide a backlight control signal configured to locally dim portions of the LED array;
the spatial light modulator comprises an LCD panel;
the video control circuit further configured to, based on the image signal, provide an LCD control signal configured to adjust the LCD panel to modulate the locally dimmed light from the LED array so that a resulting image viewed on the LCD panel approaches a desired image carried by the image signal;
the backlight control signal further configured to adjust light intensity of the light-emitting elements in coarser steps than the LCD control signal is configured to adjust light intensity of the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator;
the backlight control signal configured to adjust intensity of the light emitting elements in a predetermined number of steps and the LCD control signal configured to adjust intensity of the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator in a number of steps greater than the predetermined number of steps; and
the illumination of the controllable light elements on the spatial light modulator comprises an approximation of a desired image.
52. The display according to claim 51, wherein the predetermined number of steps of the backlight control signal control intensity over a similar range of intensity as the greater number of steps configured in the LCD control signal.
53. The display according to claim 51, wherein the LCD control signal is configured to control the controllable elements of the spatial light modulator in 512 steps of intensity.
54. The display according to claim 51, wherein each pixel of the light source is common to a plurality of pixels of the spatial light modulator, and the LCD control signal is configured to control the spatial light modulator to reduce artifacts which result from the fact that each pixel of the light source is common to a plurality of pixels of the spatial light modulator.
55. The display according to claim 51, wherein the light control signals are based on an averaging function of the desired image.
56. The display according to claim 55, wherein the averaging function is a weighted average.
57. The display according to claim 51, wherein the distribution is based on a rectangular profile having a width d1 equal to an active width of the pixel and d1 is approximately equal to d2.
58. The display according to claim 51, wherein the display comprises a locally-dimmed flat-panel LCD high dynamic range display having a dynamic range of 800:1 or greater.