Author: claimsbot

1. A surgical instrument comprising:
a tubular member having an axis, a first end coupled to a drive housing and a second end coupled to a cutting apparatus including a rotatable and deflectable cutting element, wherein the second end of the tubular member defines a circumferential region;
a drive shaft having a first end coupled to a rotatable drive member in the housing and a second end coupled to the cutting element, wherein the drive shaft translates rotational motion at the drive member to the cutting element to cause rotation of the cutting element;
a thrust member having a first end within the housing and a second end coupled to a resilient member in the cutting apparatus, wherein the resilient member is coupled to the cutting element and bending of the resilient member causes movement of the cutting element away from the axis of the tubular member;
a first fluid flow path extending from within the housing, through a bore defined in the tubular member, and terminating at the cutting apparatus;
wherein the bore of the tubular member includes a second fluid flow path extending between the drive housing and the cutting apparatus and being distinct from the first flow path;
wherein, in an at rest condition of the instrument, the cutting element is disposed within the circumferential region defined by the second end of the tubular member;
wherein the first flow path or the second flow path is for receiving an optical waveguide having a lens tip positionable proximate the cutting apparatus; and
a moveable member coupled to the first end of the thrust member and operable to set the instrument to a deflected condition, wherein when the instrument is in the deflected condition the moveable member applies a force at the first end of the thrust member causing the second end of the thrust member to bend the resilient member, such that the cutting element is moved away from the axis of the tubular member and is disposed at least partially outside the circumferential region defined by the second end of the tubular member, wherein, in the deflected condition of the instrument, an extent the cutting element is disposed outside the circumferential region is in accordance with an extent the thrust member is caused to move toward the cutting element by movement of the moveable member.
2. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the moveable member includes a lever rotatably coupled to the housing, wherein when the lever rotates towards the housing the cutting element moves away from the tubular axis, and wherein when the lever rotates away from the housing the cutting element moves toward the tubular axis.
3. The surgical instrument of claim 2, wherein the resilient member biases the cutting element toward the axis of the tubular member such that the extent that the cutting element is moved away from the tubular axis depends on an amount of force applied to the lever to cause rotation of the lever toward the housing.
4. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the resilient member includes first and second leaf springs coupled to each other and to the cutting element, wherein the second leaf spring is fixed to the tubular member, wherein the first and second leaf springs are flat and parallel when the instrument is in the at rest condition and wherein, when a force is applied to the first end of the thrust member, the first leaf spring moves in relation to the second spring to cause bending of the first and second leaf springs away from the tubular axis such that the cutting element is moved away from the axis of the tubular member.
5. The surgical instrument of claim 4, wherein the first and second leaf springs have a torsional stiffness sufficient to provide for cutting of tissue based on contact between the cutting element and the tissue when the instrument is in the deflected condition and the cutting element is rotating.
6. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the thrust member defines a bore through which the drive shaft extends.
7. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the drive member includes a shaft fitting for transmitting torque applied to the drive member to the first end of the drive shaft.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A semiconductor device, in which one or more semiconductor chips each having an externally leading electrode are stacked on a stacking base, comprising
an interposer chip on which one or more connection wirings are formed, wherein:
the externally leading electrode provided on at least one of the semiconductor chips is connected to the connection wiring of the interposer chip by wire bonding, and
the external leading electrode, connected to the connection wiring, which is provided on the semiconductor chip, relays the connection wiring so as to be electrically connected to an electrode of a wiring provided on the stacking base or another of the semiconductor chips (2).
2. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the interposer chip is formed by using a wafer made of the same material and having the same structure as a wafer used in forming the semiconductor chip.
3. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the interposer chip is formed by using the same device as a device for forming the semiconductor chip.
4. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip is covered by a surface protection film so that the externally leading electrode is uncovered.
5. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one of the semiconductor chips is stacked at a position upper than the interposer chip in a stacking direction.
6. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 5, wherein
said one or more connection wirings provided on the interposer chip include:
one or more first bonding pads electrically connected to external electrodes, provided at a position lower than the interposer chip in the stacking direction, by wire bonding; and
one or more second bonding pads electrically connected to electrodes, provided at a position upper than the interposer chip in the stacking direction, by wire bonding.
7. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the interposer chip and the semiconductor chip are stacked on the stacking base or another of the semiconductor chips (2) so as to be disposed side by side.
8. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 7, wherein
said one or more connection wirings provided on the interposer chip include:
one or more first bonding pads electrically connected to external electrodes, provided at a position lower than the interposer chip in the stacking direction, by wire bonding; and
one or more second bonding pads electrically connected to electrodes, provided at a position upper than the interposer chip in the stacking direction, by wire bonding.
9. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 6, wherein:
the number of the connection wirings provided on the interposer chip is plural, and
the connection wirings are disposed so as not to cross each other.
10. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 8, wherein:
the number of the connection wirings provided on the interposer chip is plural, and
the connection wirings are disposed so as not to cross each other.
11. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 9, wherein an order in which the first bonding pads are disposed is different from an order in which the second bonding pads connected to the first bonding pads by the connection wirings.
12. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 10, wherein an order in which the first bonding pads are disposed is different from an order in which the second bonding pads connected to the first bonding pads by the connection wirings.
13. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 6, wherein the number of the connection wirings provided on the interposer chip is plural, and the connection wirings are disposed in a roundabout manner.
14. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 8, wherein the number of the connection wirings provided on the interposer chip is plural, and the connection wirings are disposed in a roundabout manner.
15. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 6, wherein:
one or more additional bonding pads are provided on the connection wiring of the interposer chip so as to be positioned between the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad, and
two arbitrary bonding pads out of the first bonding pad, the second bonding pad, and the additional bonding pad are connected to external electrodes by wire bonding.
16. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 8, wherein:
one or more additional bonding pads are provided on the connection wiring of the interposer chip so as to be positioned between the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad, and
two arbitrary bonding pads out of the first bonding pad, the second bonding pad, and the additional bonding pad are connected to external electrodes by wire bonding.
17. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 15, wherein:
the number of the connection wirings provided on the interposer chip is plural, and
the connection wirings are disposed so as not to cross each other.
18. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 16, wherein:
the number of the connection wirings provided on the interposer chip is plural, and
the connection wirings are disposed so as not to cross each other.
19. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 17, wherein at least two orders out of (i) an order in which the first bonding pads are disposed, (ii) an order in which the second bonding pads connected to the first bonding pads by the connection wirings are disposed, and (iii) an order in which the additional bonding pads connected to the second bonding pads by the connection wirings are disposed, are different from each other.
20. The semiconductor device as set forth in claim 18, wherein at least two orders out of (i) an order in which the first bonding pads are disposed, (ii) an order in which the second bonding pads connected to the first bonding pads by the connection wirings are disposed, and (iii) an order in which the additional bonding pads connected to the second bonding pads by the connection wirings are disposed, are different from each other.

1. A method, comprising:
generating, by at least one computing device, an initial population of parent binary sequences of bits with reference to an output of a semidefinite programming formulation that minimizes with respect to an autocorrelation function of values of the bits;
flipping the bits of the parent binary sequences one by one and, for each flipped bit, keeping a value of the flipped bit in a respective parent binary sequence of the parent binary sequences in response to the flipped bit representing an increase of parent fitness evaluated according to a fitness function; and
randomly selecting a parent sequence of the parent binary sequences and applying two-point mutation to the parent sequence including generating a predefined number of offspring binary sequences from the parent sequence.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flipping includes performing a partial restart of the flipping for a fixed number of generations.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the performing the partial restart of the flipping is performed in response to detection of premature convergence of a parent binary sequence.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
for each flipped bit of the parent binary sequences, in response to the flipped bit not representing an increase of the fitness evaluated according to the fitness function, keeping an old value of the flipped bit from prior to the flipping.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
flipping the bits of the offspring binary sequences one by one and, for each flipped bit, keeping a value of the flipped bit in a respective offspring binary sequence of the offspring binary sequences in response to the flipped bit representing an increase of offspring fitness evaluated according to the fitness function.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the flipping includes performing a partial restart of the flipping for a fixed number of generations.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the performing the partial restart of the flipping is performed in response to detection of premature convergence of a parent binary sequence.
8. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
for each flipped bit of the offspring binary sequences, in response to the flipped bit not representing an increase of the fitness evaluated according to the fitness function, keeping an old value of the flipped bit from prior to the flipping.
9. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
ranking the parent binary sequences and the offspring binary sequences according to respective fitnesses evaluated according to the fitness function.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
based on the ranking, selecting a set of binary sequences from the parent binary sequences and the offspring binary sequences as a new generation of parent binary sequences.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
repeating the flipping the bits of the parent binary sequences, the randomly selecting the parent sequence, the flipping the bits of the offspring binary sequences, the ranking and the selecting of a new set of binary sequences for the new generation of parent binary sequences.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the repeating includes performing the repeating a predetermined number of times.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
extending the method to quadriphase sequences represented as a function of binary sequences.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the semidefinite programming formulation applies dual windowing with respect to the autocorrelation function of values of the bits.
15. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
evaluating whether the flipped bit represents the increase of parent fitness according to the fitness function.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the evaluating includes evaluating whether the flipped bit represents an increase in an objective function that is proportional to squares of sidelobe levels of respective parent binary sequences.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the evaluating includes evaluating whether the flipped bit represents an increase in an objective function proportional to a ratio of a square of a length of a respective parent binary sequence divided by an energy of the respective parent binary sequence over a peak sidelobe level determined for the respective parent binary sequence.
18. A system, comprising:
a sequence search component configured to find bi-phase sequences of bits having autocorrelation function of values of the bits that meet a predetermined condition of low autocorrelation, and in connection with search for the bi-phase sequences, the sequence search component is configured to:
generate an initial population of parent bi-phase sequences of bits with reference to an optimal solution of a semidefinite programming equation applied to the bi-phase sequences;
flip the bits of the parent bi-phase sequences one by one and, for each flipped bit, keep a value of the flipped bit in a respective parent bi-phase sequence of the parent bi-phase sequences in response to the flipped bit representing an increase of parent fitness evaluated according to a fitness function; and
randomly select a parent sequence of the parent bi-phase sequences and apply two-point mutation to the parent sequence including generation of a predefined number of offspring bi-phase sequences from the parent sequence; and

a communications component configured to communicate as a function of a bi-phase sequence of the bi-phase sequences found by the sequence search component.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to perform a partial restart of the flip of the bits for a fixed number of generations.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to perform the partial restart of the flipping in response to detection of premature convergence of a parent bi-phase sequence.
21. The system of claim 18, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to, for each flipped bit of the parent bi-phase sequences, in response to the flipped bit not representing an increase of the fitness evaluated according to the fitness function, maintain an old value of the flipped bit from prior to the flipping.
22. The system of claim 18, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to flip the bits of the offspring bi-phase sequences one by one and, for each flipped bit, maintain a value of the flipped bit in a respective offspring bi-phase sequence of the offspring bi-phase sequences in response to the flipped bit representing an increase of offspring fitness evaluated according to the fitness function.
23. The system of claim 22, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to perform a partial restart of the flip of the bits of the offspring bi-phase sequences for a fixed number of generations.
24. The system of claim 23, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to perform the partial restart of the flipping in response to detection of premature convergence of a parent bi-phase sequence.
25. The system of claim 22, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to, for each flipped bit of the offspring bi-phase sequences, in response to the flipped bit not representing an increase of the fitness evaluated according to the fitness function, maintain an old value of the flipped bit from prior to the flip of the bits.
26. The system of claim 22, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to generate rankings of the parent bi-phase sequences and the offspring bi-phase sequences according to respective fitnesses evaluated according to the fitness function.
27. The system of claim 26, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to, based on the rankings, select a set of bi-phase sequences from the parent bi-phase sequences and the offspring bi-phase sequences as a new generation of parent bi-phase sequences.
28. The system of claim 27, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to repeat the flip of the bits of the parent bi-phase sequences, the random selection of the parent sequence, the flip of the bits of the offspring bi-phase sequences, the generation of rankings and the selection of the new set of bi-phase sequences for the new generation of parent bi-phase sequences.
29. The system of claim 28, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to repeat a predetermined number of times.
30. The system of claim 18, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to find quadriphase sequences having autocorrelation function of values of the bits that meet the predetermined condition.
31. The system of claim 18, wherein the semidefinite programming equation applies dual windows with respect to the autocorrelation function of values of the bits.
32. The system of claim 18, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to evaluate whether the flipped bit represents the increase of parent fitness according to the fitness function.
33. The system of claim 32, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to evaluating includes evaluating whether the flipped bit represents an increase in an objective function that is proportional to squares of sidelobe levels of respective parent bi-phase sequences.
34. The system of claim 32, wherein the sequence search component is further configured to evaluate whether the flipped bit represents an increase in an objective function proportional to a ratio of a square of a length of a respective parent bi-phase sequence divided by an energy of the respective parent bi-phase sequence over a peak sidelobe level determined for the respective parent bi-phase sequence.
35. A computer-readable storage medium storing computer executable instructions that, in response to execution, cause a computing system to perform operations, comprising:
determining biphase sequences with low peak sidelobe values meeting at least one predetermined criterion including solving a semidefinite programming formulation; and
evolving the biphase sequences of bits with an evolutionary algorithm including bit climbing,
wherein the bit climbing includes flipping the bits one by one and evaluating a pre-selected fitness function in connection with determining whether to retain a flipped or non-flipped value.
36. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 35, wherein the evolving includes evolving the biphase sequences with an evolutionary algorithm applying no crossover of different regions of the biphase sequences.
37. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 35, wherein the evolving includes evolving the biphase sequences according to an elitic selection.
38. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 35, wherein the evolving includes evolving the biphase sequences according to a two-point mutation operation applied to the bits.
39. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 35, wherein the evolving includes evolving within a range.
40. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 35, wherein the bit climbing is applied as a local search.
41. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 35, wherein the evolving includes evolving within a range.
42. A wireless communications apparatus, comprising:
means for searching for biphase sequences with low peak sidelobe values meeting a predetermined criterion including means for optimizing a semidefinite programming equation and means for applying an evolutionary algorithm to bits of the biphase sequences; and
means for communicating based on a binary sequence output from the means for searching.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A cordless power tool comprising:
a body casing;
a battery which is detachably attached to the body casing and can supply electric power;
a motor which is housed in the body casing, and generates rotation force by the electric power of the battery;
a cooling fan which rotates by the rotation force of the motor; and
a protection unit which shuts off the power supply to the motor, according to a detection result of the state of the battery, so that the battery does not enter an overdischarge state or an overcurrent state,
wherein:
a passage of cool air generated by the cooling fan is formed in the body casing,
the protection unit is arranged so that at least a part of the protection unit is located in the passage of the cool air, and
the protection unit is located on the upstream side of the motor in a flowing direction of the cool air.
2. The cordless power tool according to claim 1, wherein an air window is formed in the body casing, and the protection unit is provided in the vicinity of the air window.
3. The cordless power tool according to claim 2, wherein the protection unit is provided in a position where it does not interrupt the passage of the cool air and in a position where the at least a part of the protection unit protrudes in the passage of the cool air, whereby a part of the cool air introduced from the air window goes toward the protection unit and another part of the cool air goes directly to the motor.
4. The cordless power tool according to claim 1 wherein:
the body casing includes a motor housing in which the motor is housed, and a handle;
the motor housing and the handle are coupled to each other at an end portion on the side where the battery is attached and detached, and space is defined between the motor housing and the handle; and
the protection unit is arranged in the motor housing.
5. The cordless power tool according to claim 1, wherein the protection unit includes:
switching means which is disposed between the motor and the battery and is capable of being turned on and off; and
control means which turns the switching means off according to the detection result of the detection means.
6. The cordless power tool according to claim 5, wherein the switching means is an FET.
7. The cordless power tool according to claim 1, wherein the battery includes a lithium battery.
8. A protection apparatus for use in a cordless power tool which includes a body casing, a battery which is detachably attached to the body casing and can supply electric power, a motor which is housed in the body casing, and generates rotation force by the electric power of the battery, and a cooling fan which rotates by the rotation force of the motor, said protection apparatus comprising:
a protection unit which shuts off the power supply to the motor, according to a detection result of the state of the battery, so that the battery does not enter an overdischarge state or an overcurrent state,
wherein:
a passage of cool air generated by the cooling fan is formed in the body casing,
the protection unit is arranged so that at least a part of the protection unit is located in the passage of the cool air, and
the protection unit is located on the upstream side of the motor in a flowing direction of the cool air.
9. The protection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein an air window is formed in the body casing, and the protection unit is provided in the vicinity of the air window.
10. The protection apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the protection unit is provided in a position where it does not interrupt the passage of the cool air and in a position where the at least a part of the protection unit protrudes in the passage of the cool air, whereby a part of the cool air introduced from the air window goes toward the protection unit and another part of the cool air goes directly to the motor.
11. The protection apparatus according to claim 8 wherein:
the body casing includes a motor housing in which the motor is housed, and a handle;
the motor housing and the handle are coupled to each other at an end portion on the side where the battery is attached and detached, and space is defined between the motor housing and the handle; and
the protection unit is arranged in the motor housing.
12. The protection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the protection unit includes:
switching means which is disposed between the motor and the battery and is capable of being turned on and off; and
control means which turns the switching means off according to the detection result of the detection means.
13. The protection apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the switching means is an FET.
14. The protection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the battery includes a lithium battery.