1. A dispersing agent for pigments or extenders based on acrylic acid alkyl ester polymers, wherein at least part of the ester groups of the polymers is reacted to form acid amides, characterised in that the dispersing agent is obtainable by the aminolysis of ester groups of the polymer by means of amines, wherein, for the aminolysis, at least one amine can be used from the group comprising a) amines of general formula NH2R1NR2R3, wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-4 carbon atoms and R2 and R3 are aliphatic andor alicyclic alkyl radicals which comprise 1-12, preferably 1-6 carbon atoms and which can be the same or different, and b) amines of general formula NH2R1-Z, wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-4 carbon atoms and Z is a 5- or 6-membered N-containing heterocycle which can comprise up to 2 nitrogen atoms or which can additionally comprise oxygen.
2. A dispersing agent of claim 1, characterised in that for the aminolysis of the ester groups of the polymer by means of amines one or more amines can also be used from the group comprising c) saturated or unsaturated aliphatic amines comprising 6-22 carbon atoms, d) alicyclic amines comprising up to 6 carbon atoms, e) aryl-substituted alkylamines and f) polyoxyalkylene amines NH2R1(OR2)xOR3, wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-3 carbon atoms, R2 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-4 carbon atoms and R3 is an alkyl radical comprising 1-4 carbon atoms.
3. A dispersing agent of claim 1, wherein the polymer contains, as a comonomer, at least one further, different monomer comprising vinyl double bonds, preferably a monomer from the group comprising itaconic acid esters, maleic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, (meth)acrylic acid, styrene, alkyl vinyl ethers, vinyl acetate or mixtures of monomers from this group.
4. A dispersing agent of claim 1, wherein the alkyl radical of the acrylic acid ester contains 1-4 C-atoms.
5. A dispersing agent of claim 1, wherein a catalyst is used for aminolysis.
6. A dispersing agent of claim 1, wherein the agent the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 1000-50,000, preferably of 2000-20,000.
7. A dispersing agent of claim 1, wherein the product which is obtained by aminolysis with an amine of general formula NH2R1NR2R3 andor NH2R1-Z is reacted to form a salt.
8. The use of a dispersing agent of claim 1 for the production of pigment concentrates, wherein the dispersing agent is homogenised together with the pigments andor extenders to be dispersed optionally in the presence of organic solvents andor water, optionally with binder vehicles and optionally with customary lacquer adjuvant substances.
9. The use of a dispersing agent of claim 1 for the production of a coating medium, wherein a binder vehicle, optionally a solvent, pigments andor extenders, the dispersing agent and optionally adjuvant substances are dispersed together.
10. A process for producing a dispersing agent of claim 1, wherein an acrylic acid ester polymer is aminolysed with an amine, wherein at least part of the ester groups of the polymer is reacted to form acid amides and wherein for the aminolysis at least one amine can be used from the group comprising a) amines of general formula NH2R1NR2R3, wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-4 carbon atoms and R2 and R3 are aliphatic andor alicyclic alkyl radicals comprising 1-12, preferably 1-6 carbon atoms which can be the same or different, and b) amines of general formula NH2R1-Z, wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-4 carbon atoms is and Z is a 5- or 6-membered N-containing heterocycle which can comprise up to 2 nitrogen atoms or which can additionally comprise oxygen.
11. A process for producing a dispersing agent according to claim 10, characterized in that for the aminolysis one or more amines can also be used from the group comprising c) saturated or unsaturated aliphatic amines comprising 6-22 carbon atoms, d) alicyclic amines comprising up to 6 carbon atoms, e) aryl-substituted alkylamines and f) polyoxyalkylene amines NH2-R1(OR2)xOR3, wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-3 carbon atoms, R2 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-4 carbon atoms and R3 is an alkyl radical comprising 1-4 carbon atoms.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A drive circuit for a display apparatus, comprising:
a shift register; and
a pulse generation circuit for generating a drive pulse signal using an output pulse signal generated in the shift register, wherein the pulse generation circuit forms a pulse-starting edge and a pulse-termination edge of the drive pulse signal using a rise or a fall of pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal,
the shift register is structured to generate pulses so that a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is sharper than a return fall of the pulse, or a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is sharper than a return rise of the pulse,
the pulse-starting edge of the drive pulse signal is formed of a rise or a fall of a pulse resulting from activation of a first output pulse signal, and
the pulse-termination edge of the drive pulse signal is formed of a rise or a fall of a pulse resulting from activation of a second output pulse signal.
2. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the drive pulse signal is generated for each stage of the shift register, the first output pulse signal forming the pulse-starting edge of the drive pulse signal for a given stage is generated within the same stage or a preceding stage, and the second output pulse signal forming the pulse-termination edge of the drive pulse signal for a given stage is generated within the same stage or a later stage.
3. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein the drive pulse signal is a pre-charge pulse signal, and the first output pulse signal forming the pulse-starting edge of the pre-charge pulse signal is generated in a stage preceding to the given stage, and the second output pulse signal forming the pulse-starting edge of the pre-charge pulse signal is generated within the same stage.
4. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein the drive pulse signal is a sampling pulse signal, and the first output pulse signal forming the pulse-starting edge of the sampling pulse signal is generated within the same stage, and the second output pulse signal forming the pulse-starting edge of the sampling pulse signal is generated in a stage later than the given stage.
5. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the pulse generation circuit includes a level shifter having an input terminal and a control terminal, when the control terminal has a first potential, the level shifter carries out level shift of a pulse signal fetched through the input terminal before outputting the pulse signal, and when the control terminal has a second potential, the level shifter outputs a signal of a certain potential, the first output pulse signal is supplied to the input terminal and the second output pulse signal is supplied to the control terminal.
6. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 5, wherein the first and second output pulse signals are respectively supplied to the input terminal and the control terminal via a level shift circuit which carries out level shift of a signal supplied thereto before outputting the signal.
7. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 5, wherein the first and second output pulse signals are respectively supplied to the input terminal and the control terminal via a delay circuit.
8. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the pulse generation circuit includes a logic circuit, and the first and second output pulse signals are supplied to the logic circuit.
9. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 8, wherein the first and second output pulse signals are supplied to the logic circuit via respective level shift circuits which carry out level shift of signals supplied thereto before outputting the signals.
10. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 8, wherein the first and second output pulse signals are respectively supplied to the logic circuit via a delay circuit.
11. A display apparatus comprising the drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 1.
12. A drive circuit for a display apparatus, comprising:
a shift register;
a pre-charge pulse generation circuit for generating a pre-charge pulse signal using an output pulse signal generated in the shift register; and
a sampling pulse generation circuit for generating a sampling pulse signal using an output pulse signal generated in the shift register, wherein: the pre-charge pulse generation circuit forms a pulse-starting edge and a pulse-termination edge of the pre-charge pulse signal using a rise or a fall of pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal, and the sampling pulse generation circuit forms a pulse-starting edge and a pulse-termination edge of the sampling pulse signal using a rise or a fall of pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal,
the shift register is structured to generate pulses so that a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is sharper than a return fall of the pulse, or a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is sharper than a return rise of the pulse,
the pre-charge pulse signal is generated from two output pulse signals, one of which forms the pulse-starting edge of the pre-charge pulse signal while the other forms the pulse-termination edge of the pre-charge pulse signal, and
the sampling pulse signal is also generated from two output pulse signals, one of which forms the pulse-starting edge of the sampling pulse signal while the other forms the pulse-termination edge of the sampling pulse signal.
13. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein the pre-charge pulse generation circuit includes either a logic circuit, or a level shifter, the level shifter carrying out level shift of a pulse signal fetched through an input terminal before outputting the pulse signal when a control terminal has a first potential, and outputting a signal of a certain potential when the control terminal has a second potential,
the sampling pulse generation circuit includes either a logic circuit, or a level shifter, the level shifter carrying out level shift of a pulse signal fetched through an input terminal before outputting the pulse signal when a control terminal has a first potential, and outputting a signal of a certain potential when the control terminal has a second potential.
14. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein the pre-charge pulse signal and the sampling pulse signal are generated for each stage of the shift register, the output pulse signal forming the pulse-starting edge of the pre-charge pulse signal for a given stage is generated in a stage preceding to the given stage, and the output pulse signal forming the pulse-termination edge of the pre-charge pulse signal for a given stage is generated within the same stage,
the output pulse signal forming the pulse-starting edge of the sampling pulse signal for a given stage is generated within the same stage, and the output pulse signal forming the pulse-termination edge of the sampling pulse signal for a given stage is generated in a stage later than the given stage.
15. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 14, wherein the pre-charge pulse generation circuit includes a first NOR circuit supplied with an output pulse signal generated in a stage preceding to the given stage and an output pulse signal generated in the given stage,
the sampling pulse generation circuit includes (i) a NAND circuit supplied with an inversion pulse signal of an output of the first NOR circuit and an output pulse signal generated in the given stage, and (ii) a second NOR circuit supplied with an output of the NAND circuit and an output pulse signal generated in a stage later than the given stage.
16. A drive circuit for a display apparatus comprising:
a shift register; and
a pulse generation circuit for generating a drive pulse signal using an output pulse signal from the shift register, wherein the pulse generation circuit forms a pulse-starting edge and a pulse-termination edge of the drive pulse signal using a return fall of a risen pulse resulted from activation of the output pulse signal or a return rise of a fallen pulse resulted from activation of the output pulse signal,
the shift register is structured to generate pulses so that a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is blunter than a return fall of the pulse, or a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is blunter than a return rise of the pulse,
the pulse-starting edge of the drive pulse signal is formed of a return fall following a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of a first output pulse signal or formed of a return rise following a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the first output pulse signal, and
the pulse-termination edge of the drive pulse signal is formed of a return fall following a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of a second output pulse signal or formed of a return rise following a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the second output pulse signal.
17. A drive circuit for a display apparatus comprising:
a shift register of plural stages, for driving a display apparatus which carries out writing of data into a data signal line and pre-charging of a predetermined data signal line at a stage later than said data signal line, wherein each stage of the shift register outputs a pulse signal,
the shift register generates a rise of a pre-charge pulse for pre-charging an n-th data signal line which corresponds to an n-th stage of the shift register, in response to a fall of a pulse signal outputted from a stage preceding to the n-th stage of the shift register as a result of activation of the pulse signal, and generates a return fall of the pre-charge pulse in response to a rise of a pulse signal outputted from the n-th stage of the shift register as a result of activation of the pulse signal,
the shift register is structured to generate pulses so that a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is blunter than a return fall of the pre-charge pulse, or a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is blunter than a return rise of the pre-charge pulse,
a pulse-starting edge of the pre-charge pulse is formed of a return fall following a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of a first output pulse signal or formed of a return rise following a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the first output pulse signal, and
a pulse-termination edge of the pre-charge pulse is formed of a return fall following a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of a second output pulse signal or formed of a return rise following a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the second output pulse signal.
18. The drive circuit for a display apparatus as set forth in claim 17, wherein the drive circuit generates a rise of a sampling pulse for writing data into an n-th data signal line, in response to the return fall of the pre-charge pulse.
19. A pulse generation method for generating a drive pulse signal using an output pulse signal generated in a shift register,
wherein a pulse-starting edge and a pulse-termination edge of the drive pulse signal are formed of a rise or a fall of pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal, and
when a rise of a pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is sharper than a return fall of the pulse or when a fall of the pulse resulting from activation of the output pulse signal is sharper than a return rise of the pulse, a pulse-starting edge of the drive pulse signal is formed of a rise or a fall of a pulse resulting from activation of a first output pulse signal, and a pulse-termination edge of the drive pulse signal is formed of a rise or a fall of a pulse resulting from activation of a second output pulse signal.