1. A marine seismic source comprising:
a first set of source arrays and a second set of source arrays, the first and second sets in the same in-line position,
each source array of the first set alternates in cross-line position with source arrays of the second set,
each source member of the first set hanging from a standard hang plate and a dummy hang plate having a first length, and each source member of the second set hangs from a hang plate having a second length,
wherein the first length is sufficiently longer than the second length such that downward traveling acoustic pulses emanating from source members in the first set are substantially deghosted by acoustic pulses emanating from corresponding source members of the second set.
2. The marine seismic source of claim 1 wherein, as viewed looking from bow to stern in the in-line direction, the first and second sets of source arrays are arranged in a configuration selected from \u201cV\u201d, zig-zag, and connected \u201cW\u201d, depending upon how many source arrays are in the marine seismic source.
3. The marine seismic source of claim 1 comprising from two source arrays to fifteen source arrays.
4. The marine seismic source of claim 1 comprising from three source arrays to seven source arrays.
5. The marine seismic source of claim 1 wherein the source members in the first and second sets of source arrays are equally spaced in the inline (x) direction.
6. The marine seismic source of claim 1 wherein the source arrays are equally spaced in the cross-line (y) direction.
7. The marine seismic source of claim 6 wherein the source members in both first and second sets of source arrays are remotely controlled.
8. The marine seismic source of claim 2 comprising one or more other marine seismic sources comprising source arrays that are arranged differently than the first and second sets of source arrays.
9. The marine seismic source of claim 1 comprising dual marine seismic sources, wherein a second marine seismic source is arranged identically in each of the two sources.
10. The marine seismic source of claim 1 wherein one or more of the source arrays comprises an adjustment mechanism to actively manipulate the source array’s angle of attack.
11. The marine seismic source of claim 10 wherein the adjustment mechanism is selected from large aspect ratio steering members, small aspect ratio steering members, bridles, and combinations thereof.
12. The marine seismic source of claim 1 including one or more features selected from:
a) a control system allowing each source array to send signals to and receive signals from each other source array;
b) a control system allowing each source array to send signals to and receive signals from a remote controller;
c) a third set of source arrays having source members positioned at a vertical position different from the source members of the first and second sets;
d) a fourth set of source arrays having source members positioned a horizontal offset ranging from zero to some non-zero value with respect to the first and second sets;
e) and combinations thereof.
13. A marine seismic source comprising:
from three to seven source arrays arranged in a first set of source arrays and a second set of source arrays, the first and second sets of source arrays arranged in a \u201cW\u201d configuration as viewed looking from bow to stern in the in-line direction;
each source array of the first set alternates in cross-line position with source arrays of the second set,
each source member of the first set hangs from a standard hang plate and a dummy hang plate having a first length, and each source member of the second set hangs from a hang plate having a second length,
wherein the first length is sufficiently longer than the second length such that downward traveling acoustic pulses emanating from source members in the first set are substantially deghosted by acoustic pulses emanating from corresponding source members of the second set.
14. The marine seismic source of claim 13 wherein the source members in the first and second sets of source arrays are equally spaced in the inline (x) direction.
15. The marine seismic source of claim 13 wherein the source arrays are equally spaced in the cross-line direction.
16. The marine seismic source of claim 13 wherein the source members in both first and second sets of source arrays are remotely controlled.
17. The marine seismic source of claim 13 comprising dual marine seismic sources, wherein a second marine seismic source is arranged identically in each of the two sources.
18. The marine seismic source of claim 13 wherein the one or more of the source arrays comprises an adjustment mechanism to actively manipulate the source array’s angle of attack.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A cathode comprising an atomic-scale composite material comprising a first and a second atomic networks that penetrate into each other to form a carbon-based stabilized dielectric medium, and a third atomic network of metallic atoms spatially disposed within dielectric medium to form a conductive network of metallic atoms that communicate with a cathode surface through the dielectric medium to form at least one nanometer scale emission site.
2. The cathode of claim 1, wherein said first atomic network of said carbon-based stabilized dielectric medium is a diamond-like carbon network, and said second dielectric network is a quarts-like silica network.
3. The cathode of claim 1, wherein said carbon-based stabilized dielectric medium comprises an sp2-bonded graphite-like layered structure and an sp3-bonded three-dimensional diamond-like structure, wherein said graphite-like layered structure is penetrated and bonded together by said diamond-like structure, and wherein said carbon-based dielectric medium is stabilized by silicon and oxygen.
4. The cathode claim 1 wherein said atomic scale composite material comprises conductive nano-crystals immersed into said carbon-based stabilized dielectric medium.
5. The cathode claim 1 wherein said conductive network of metallic atoms is functionally graded in said dielectric medium.
6. The cathode of claim 1 wherein said cathode surface comprises a film edge and wherein said conductive network of metallic atoms communicates with the film edge to form at least one nanometer scale emission sites.
7. The electron emitter of claim 4 wherein said cathode surface comprises a film edge, and wherein said conductive network of metallic atoms and said nano-crystals communicate with at least one of the surface and the film edge to form at least one nanometer scale emission sites.
8. The cathode of claim 6 wherein said cathode comprises a film surface and wherein the at least one emission site is formed by selectively removing from about 1 nm to 100 nm of said carbon-based dielectric medium from the film surface to cause said conductive network of metallic atoms to becomes at least partially exposed and forms atomic-scale emission metallic tips.
9. The cathode of claim 6 wherein said cathode comprises a film surface and wherein the at least one emission site is formed by selectively removing from about 2 nm to 100 nm of said carbon-based dielectric medium from the film surface to cause said metallic nano-crystals to become at least partially exposed and form nano-scale emission tips.
10. The cathode of claim 1 wherein said atomic-scale nano-composite material comprises said conductive network immersed into said carbon-based stabilized dielectric medium, and wherein said conductive network is functionally graded in the dielectric medium and comprises at least one element selected from a group that consists of: Ag, Cu, Au, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru, Os, Ir, and Pt.
11. The cathode of claim 1 wherein said conductive network and said nano-crystals are functionally graded in the dielectric medium, and said conductive network comprises at least one element selected from a group that consists of: Ag, Cu, Au, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru, Os, Ir and Pt.
12. The cathode of claim 4 wherein said atomic-scale nano-composite material comprises said electrical conductive network and nano-crystals immersed in the dielectric medium, the conductive network and nano-crystals are functionally graded in the dielectric medium, and said conductive network comprises at least one element selected from a group that consists of: Ag, Cu, Au, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru, Os, Ir, and Pt.
13. The cathode of claim 4 wherein said atomic-scale nano-composite material comprises said conductive network and nano-crystals which are functionally graded in the dielectric medium, said conductive network and nano-crystals comprise at least one of: RuO2, a carbides, a nitrides, and a borides.
14. The cathode of claim 1, wherein the metallic atoms in said conductive network comprises about 10 to 45 atomic % of said atomic scale composite material, and wherein said conductive network of metallic atoms forms emission sites on at least one cathode surface with a density of about 108 cm2 to about 1013 cm2.
15. The cathode of claim 1 wherein the third atomic network of metallic atoms is spatially disposed within said atomic-scale composite material to form at least one conductive metal fiber within said atomic-scale composite material that communicates with the cathode surface to form the at least one nanometer scale emission site.
16. The cathode of claim 15 wherein the third atomic network of metallic atoms is spatially disposed within said atomic-scale composite material to form nonuniform three dimensional conductive fibers within said atomic-scale composite material that communicates with the cathode surface to form the at least one nanometer scale emission site.
17. A cathode having a surface, the cathode comprising an atomic-scale composite material that comprises a first and a second atomic network that penetrate into each other to form a carbon-based stabilized dielectric medium, and a third atomic network of metallic atoms spatially disposed within said atomic-scale composite material to form a conductive network of metallic fibers that communicate with a cathode surface to form at least one nano-meter scale emission site.
18. The cathode of claim 17, wherein the third atomic network of metallic atoms are spatially disposed within said atomic-scale composite material to form a three dimensional conductive network of metallic fibers.
19. An device comprising:
a substrate;
a cathode having at least one surface disposed on the substrate; and
an anode disposed on the substrate, wherein the cathode comprises an atomic-scale composite material comprising a first and a the second atomic network that penetrate into each other to form a carbon-based stabilized dielectric medium, and a third atomic network of metallic atoms spatially disposed within said atomic-scale composite material to form a conductive network of metallic atoms that communicate with the surface of the cathode to form at least one emission site thereon.
20. The device of claim 19, wherein the cathode and the anode are disposed on the substrate with a gap there between to form a two terminal structure.
21. The device of claim 19, wherein the anode comprises a phosphorous layer that produces light under electron bombardment.
22. The device of claim 19, wherein the third atomic network of metallic atoms is spatially disposed within said atomic-scale composite material to form at least one conductive metal fiber within said atomic-scale composite material.