Author: claimsbot

1. A protection system for a power distribution system comprising:
a bus voltage sensing unit configured to measure a bus voltage or a load voltage;
a demand response module for estimating available demand resources on the distribution system for a period of interest;
a distribution system analyzer for analyzing the bus voltage or the load voltage and system parameters to obtain voltage trip points for the available demand resources; and
a load control circuit to control the available demand resources based on the voltage trip points.
2. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the voltage sensing unit comprises a voltmeter or a potential transformer with a voltmeter or a processor that executes a load flow algorithm.
3. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the demand response module comprises a critical peak pricing (CPP) program, a variable peak pricing (VPP) program or a direct load control (DLC) program.
4. The protection system of claim 1, wherein system parameters include voltage regulator information, capacitor bank information, and adaptive relay settings.
5. The protection system of claim 1, wherein voltage trip points are voltage values associated with respective clearing times that determine on and off times for the available demand resources.
6. The protection system of claim 1, wherein controlling the available demand resources comprises switching on or off part or all of the demand resources.
7. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the voltage trip points are set to be faster than relay settings of current and voltage relays of the power distribution system.
8. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the distribution system analyzer obtains voltage trip points based on location of demand resources.
9. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the available demand resources includes demand resources on an adjacent bus.
10. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the distribution system analyzer further determines an amount of available demand resources that need to be utilized.
11. The protection system of claim 10, wherein the distribution system analyzer determines the amount of available demand resources based on sensitivity of bus voltage changes to power flow variations.
12. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the load control circuit sheds parts of the available demand resources selectively in steps.
13. The protection system of claim 1, wherein the distribution system analyzer is implemented in a centralized or a distributed manner.
14. A method of protecting a power distribution system comprising:
estimating available demand resources on the distribution system for a period of interest based on demand response programs;
establishing voltage trip points for the available demand resources based on bus voltages or load voltages and system parameters; and
controlling the available demand resources based on voltage trip points.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the demand response programs include a critical peak pricing (CPP) program, a variable peak pricing (VPP) program or a direct load control (DLC) program.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein system parameters include voltage regulator information, capacitor bank information, and adaptive relay settings.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein controlling the available demand resources comprises switching on or switching off part or all of the demand resources.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein controlling the available demand resources comprises switching on or switching off parts of the available demand resources selectively in steps.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the voltage trip points are set to be faster than relay settings of current and voltage relays of the power distribution system.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein estimating available demand resources on the distribution system comprises determining demand resources based on sensitivity of bus voltage changes to power flow variations.
21. The method of claim 14 further comprising establishing relay setting for protection relays of the power distribution system to detect high impedance fault.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A power plant, comprising:
an AC generator;
an AC-to-DC converter coupled to the AC generator and a DC bus;
a switch coupled to the DC bus; and
an active power compensation system coupled to the switch, wherein the active power compensation system reduces power load variations in the power plant.
2. The power plant of claim 1, in which the switch comprises a DC-to-DC converter.
3. The power plant of claim 1, in which the active power compensation system comprises power consumption devices to consume power when a load on the power plant decreases.
4. The power plant of claim 3, in which the power consumption devices are resistors.
5. The power plant of claim 3, in which the active power compensation system further comprises at least one energy storage device to provide energy when the load on the power plant increases.
6. The power plant of claim 5, in which the at least one energy storage device comprises at least one of an ultracapacitor, a capacitor, a battery, and a fly wheel.
7. The power plant of claim 6, in which the at least one energy storage device is coupled to one or more microcontrollers, wherein the one or more microcontrollers regulate the at least one energy storage device.
8. A method of reducing variations in a power load on a generator in a power plant, comprising:
routing power between the generator and at least one power consuming device during a time when the power load on the generator is lower than a first level to maintain a substantially constant power output of the generator.
9. The method of claim 8, in which the at least one power consuming device comprises at least one of a resistive element, variable resistive element, and a water break.
10. The method of claim 8, in which the first level is based, in part, on a fuel efficiency of the generator.
11. A method of reducing variations in a power load on a generator in a power plant, comprising:
routing power between an energy storage device and the generator during a time when the power load on the generator is higher than a first level, wherein the energy storage device provides energy to the power plant to maintain a substantially constant power output of the generator.
12. The method of claim 11, in which the energy storage device comprises at least one of an ultracapacitor, a capacitor, a battery, and a fly wheel.
13. The method of claim 11, in which the first level is based, in part, on a fuel efficiency of the generator.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
routing power between the generator and the energy storage device during a time when the power load on the power plant is lower than a second level, wherein the second level is lower than the first level, and wherein the energy storage device stores energy from the power plant to maintain a substantially constant power output of the generator.
15. The method of claim 14, in which the second level is chosen, in part, based on a fuel efficiency of the generator.
16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
routing power between the generator and a power consuming device during a time when an energy capacity of the energy storage device is substantially full.
17. A power plant, comprising:
means for generating power to meet a power load of the power plant; and
means for reducing variation in the power load of the power plant.
18. The power plant of claim 17, in which the reducing variation means comprises means for consuming power.
19. The power plant of claim 18, in which the reducing variation means further comprises means for storing energy.

1. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising a composition comprising at least one polymerizable mesogenic compound and at least one polymerizable surface-active compound, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is a polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant that comprises one of more polymerizable groups different than an OH group.
2. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising at least one polymerizable surface active compound which is a polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant that comprises one of more polymerizable groups different than an OH group and at least 20% by weight of one or more polymerizable monoreactive mesogenic compounds having one polymerizable group and one polar terminal group.
3. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1, comprising 0.01 to 15% by weight of a polymerizable surface-active compound.
4. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising at least one polymerizable surface-active compound, at least one polymerizable mesogenic compound, at least 20% by weight of one or more polymerizable monoreactive mesogenic compounds having one polymerizable group and one polar terminal group and one or more chiral compounds.
5. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1, further comprising one or more polymerizable mesogenic compounds of formula I
P-(Sp-X)n-MG-R\u2003\u2003I

wherein
P is a polymerizable group,
Sp is a spacer group having 1 to 25 C atoms,
X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond,
n is 0 or 1,
MG is a mesogenic group, and
R is H, CN, NO2, P-(Sp-X)n\u2014, halogen or a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical of up to 25 C atoms which is unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted by halogen or CN, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally and independently replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another.
6. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound comprises one or two polymerizable groups selected from the groups consisting of acryl, methacryl, epoxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, styrene and propenyl ether groups.
7. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is of formula IX (FX-13) or X (FX-14)
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OCOCH\u2550CH2\u2003\u2003IX (FX-13)
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OCOC(CH3)\u2550CH2\u2003\u2003X (FX-14)
wherein n is an integer of 4 to 8, and the perfluoroalkyl group may be linear or branched.
8. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising
a) 5 to 80% by weight of one to five monoreactive mesogenic compounds of formula I, each independently having a polar terminal group,
P-(Sp-X)n-MG-R\u2003\u2003I
wherein
P is a polymerizable group,
Sp is a spacer group having 1 to 25 C atoms,
X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond,
n is 0 or 1,
MG is a mesogenic group, and
R is H, ON, NO2, P-(Sp-X)n\u2014, halogen or a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical of up to 25 C atoms which is unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted by halogen or CN, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally and independently replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another,
b) 10 to 90% by weight of one to four di-reactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds of formula I,
c) 0.1 to 15% by weight of one to three non-polymerizable chiral dopants,
d) 0.5 to 10% by weight of a polymerization initiator, and
e) 0.01 to 6% by weight of one or more polymerizable surface-active compounds.
9. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising
a) 0 to 30% by weight of one to five monoreactive mesogenic compounds of formula I, each independently having a polar terminal group,
P-(Sp-X)n-MG-R\u2003\u2003I
wherein
P is a polymerizable group,
Sp is a spacer group having 1 to 25 C atoms,
X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond,
n is 0 or 1,
MG is a mesogenic group, and
R is H, CN, NO2, P-(Sp-X)n\u2014, halogen or a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical of up to 25 C atoms which is unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted by halogen or CN, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally and independently replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another,
b) 90% or more by weight of one to four di-reactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds of formula I,
c) 0.1 to 15% by weight of one to three non-polymerizable chiral dopants,
d) 0.5 to 10% by weight of a polymerization initiator, and
e) 0.01 to 6% by weight of one or more polymerizable surface-active compounds.
10. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising
a) 80% or more by weight of one to five monoreactive mesogenic compounds of formula I, each independently having a polar terminal group,
P-(Sp-X)n-MG-R\u2003\u2003I
wherein
P is a polymerizable group,
Sp is a spacer group having 1 to 25 C atoms,
X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond,
n is 0 or 1,
MG is a mesogenic group, and
R is H, CN, NO2, P-(Sp-X)n\u2014, halogen or a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical of up to 25 C atoms which is unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted by halogen or CN, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally and independently replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another,
b) 0 to 20% by weight of one to four di-reactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds of formula I,
c) 0.1 to 15% by weight of one to three non-polymerizable chiral dopants,
d) 0.5 to 10% by weight of a polymerization initiator, and
e) 0.01 to 6% by weight of one or more polymerizable surface-active compounds.
11. A method for preparing an anisotropic polymer film having planar alignment with a low tilt angle, comprising applying onto a substrate a polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1, aligning the material into planar orientation and polymerizing the material.
12. An anisotropic polymer film having planar alignment comprising a polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1.
13. An anisotropic polymer film according to claim 12, wherein the polymerizable liquid crystal material has a tilt angle of less than 3 degrees.
14. An anisotropic polymer film according to claim 12, wherein the polymerizable liquid crystal material exhibits a helically twisted molecular orientation.
15. An optical device, a decorative or security marking, a polarizer, a compensator, a beam splitter, an alignment layer, a reflective film, a color filter, a holographic element, a hot stamping foil, a colored image or a liquid crystal pigment comprising a polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1 or an anisotropic polymer film comprising the polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1.
16. A color filter comprising a polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1 or an anisotropic polymer film comprising the polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1.
17. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1, further comprising a polymerizable mesogenic compound having at least one polar terminal group.
18. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 17, wherein the least one polar terminal group is selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, acryl, methacryl, epoxy, F, Cl, OH, CN, OCH3, COCH3, COC2H5, COOCH3, COOC2H5, CF3, C2F5, OCF3, OCHF2, and OC2F5.
19. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising at least one polymerizable surface-active compound and less than 20% by weight of a polymerizable mesogenic compound which has a non-polar terminal group, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is a polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant that comprises one of more polymerizable groups different than an OH group.
20. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is a fluorocarbon acrylate or a fluorocarbon methacrylate.
21. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 5, wherein MG is a group of formula II
-A1-Z1-(A2-Z2)m-A3-\u2003\u2003II

wherein
Z1 and Z2 are each independently \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014OH\u2550OH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond,
A1, A2 and A3 are, independently, 1,4-phenylene wherein one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N, 1,4-cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally and independently replaced by O or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene, piperidine-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2,6-diyl, which are, each independently, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted with F, Cl, OH, CN, NO2 or an alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl group having 1 to 7 C atoms wherein one or more H atoms may be substituted by F or Cl, and
m is 0, or2.
22. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 4, wherein the chiral compound comprises a mesogenic group having at least one center of chirality of the formulae II*-1 or II*-2
-(A1-Z)a-G-\u2003\u2003II*-1
-(A1-Z)a-G2-(Z-A2)b-\u2003\u2003II-2

wherein
Z is \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond,
A1, and A2 are, independently, 1,4-phenylene wherein one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N, 1,4-cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally and independently replaced by O or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene, piperidine-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2,6-diyl, which are, each independently, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted with F, Cl, OH, CN, NO2 or an alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl group having 1 to 7 C atoms wherein one or more H atoms may be substituted by F or Cl,
a and b are independently of each other 0, 1 or 2,
G1 together with R in formula I forms a terminal chiral group, and
G2 is a bivalent chiral group.
23. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 5, wherein R is of formula III
wherein
* denotes a chiral carbon atom,
X1 is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCOO\u2014 or a single bond,
Q1 is an alkylene or alkylene-oxy group of 1 to 10 C atoms or a single bond,
Q2 is an alkyl or alkoxy group of 1 to 10 C atoms which is unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted by halogen or CN, wherein optionally and independently one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are replaced by \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014 or \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014in a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another, and
Q3 is halogen, a cyano group or an alkyl or alkoxy group with 1 to 4 C atoms which is different from Q2.
24. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 5, wherein P is
CH2\u2550CW1\u2014COO\u2014,
\u2003CH2\u2550CW2\u2014O\u2014, CH3\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014O\u2014, HS\u2014CW2W3\u2014, HW2N\u2014, CH2\u2550CW1\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014, CH2\u2550CH\u2014(COO)k1\u2014Phe\u2014(O)k2\u2014, Phe-CH\u2550CH, HOOC\u2014, OCN\u2014 and W4W5W6Si\u2014,
wherein
W1 is H, Cl, CN, phenyl or alkyl with 1 to 5 C-atoms
W2 and W3 are, independently, H or alkyl with 1 to 5 C-atoms
W4, W5 and W6 are, independently, Cl, oxaalkyl or oxacarbonylalkyl with 1 to 5 C-atoms,
Phe is 1,4-phenylene, and
k1 and k2 are, independently, 0 or 1.
25. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 5, wherein Sp is a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 20 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally and independently replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH(halogen)-, \u2014CH(CN)\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014.
26. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 5, wherein Sp is of formula IV
wherein
* denotes a chiral carbon atom,
Q1 is an alkylene or alkylene-oxy group of 1 to 10 C atoms or a single bond,
Q3 is halogen, a cyano group or an alkyl or alkoxy group with 1 to 4 C atoms which is different from Q2, and
Q4 is an alkylene or alkylene-oxy group of 1 to 10 C atoms or a single bond, which is different from Q1.
27. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 8 comprising
a) 10 to 65% by weight of one to five monoreactive mesogenic compounds having a polar terminal group,
b) 25 to 75% by weight of one to four di-reactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds,
c) 0.2 to 9% by weight of one to three non-polymerizable chiral dopants,
d) 1 to 7% by weight of a polymerization initiator, and
e) 0.1 to 3% by weight of one or more polymerizable surface-active compounds.
28. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 9 comprising
a) 0 to 5% by weight of one to five monoreactive mesogenic compounds having a polar terminal group,
b) 90 to 99.5% by weight of one to four di-reactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds,
c) 0.2 to 9% by weight of one to three non-polymerizable chiral dopants,
d) 1 to 7% by weight of a polymerization initiator, and
e) 0.1 to 3% by weight of one or more polymerizable surface-active compounds.
29. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 10 comprising
a) 90 to 99.5% by weight of one to five monoreactive mesogenic compounds having a polar terminal group,
b) 0 to 5% by weight of one to four direactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds,
c) 0.2 to 9% by weight of one to three non-polymerizable chiral dopants,
d) 1 to 7% by weight of a polymerization initiator, and
e) 0.1 to 3% by weight of one or more polymerizable surface-active compounds.
30. A polymerizable liquid crystal material comprising at least one polymerizable surface-active compound, at least one polymerizable mesogenic compound and one or more chiral compounds, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is a polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant.
31. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 8, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is a polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant.
32. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 9, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is a polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant.
33. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 10, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is a polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant.
34. A polymer film obtained by a method according to claim 11.
35. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 21, wherein MG is a group of one of the following formulae
wherein L in each case independently F, Cl, OH, CN, NO2 or an alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl group having 1 to 7 C atoms wherein one or more H atoms may be substituted by F or Cl, and r is 0, 1 or 2.
36. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 22, wherein G2 is a group of one of the following formulae
37. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 5, wherein the compound of formula I is one of the following formulae
wherein,
P is a polymerizable group,
x is an integer from 1 to 12,
A and D are, each independently of each other, 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-cyclohexylene,
v is 0 or 1,
Y is a polar group,
R0 is a non-polar alkyl or alkoxy group,
Ter is a terpenoid radical,
Chol is a cholesteryl group, and
L1 and L2 are each independently H, F, Cl, OH, CN, NO2 or an optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy or carbonyl group with 1 to 7 C atoms, or one of the following formulae
wherein v, P, x, D, L1 and L2 have one of the meanings given above, and y is an integer from 1 to 12.
38. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 37, wherein Ter is menthyl.
39. A alignment layer comprising a polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1 or an anisotropic polymer film comprising the polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 1.
40. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 5, wherein the compound of formula I is one of the following formulae
wherein,
P is a polymerizable group,
x is an integer from 1 to 12,
A is 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-cyclohexylene,
v is 0 or 1,
Y is a polar group,
R0 is a non-polar alkyl or alkoxy group,
Ter is a terpenoid radical,
Chol is a cholesteryl group, and
L1 and L2 are each independently H, F, Cl, OH, CN, NO2 or an optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy or carbonyl group with 1 to 7 C atoms, or one of the following formulae
wherein v, P, x, L1 and L2 have one of the meanings given above, and y is an integer from 1 to 12.
41. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 2, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound comprises one or two polymerizable groups selected from the groups consisting of acryl, methacryl, epoxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, styrene and propenyl ether groups.
42. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 2, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is of formula IX (FX-13) or X (FX-14)
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OCOCH\u2550CH2\u2003\u2003IX (FX-13)
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OCOC(CH3)\u2550CH2\u2003\u2003X (FX-14)
wherein n is an integer of 4 to 8, and the perfluoroalkyl group may be linear or branched.
43. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 19, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound comprises one or two polymerizable groups selected from the groups consisting of acryl, methacryl, epoxy, vinyl, vinyloxy, styrene and propenyl ether groups.
44. A polymerizable liquid crystal material according to claim 19, wherein the polymerizable surface-active compound is of formula IX (FX-13) or X (FX-14)
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OCOCH\u2550CH2\u2003\u2003IX (FX-13)
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OCOC(CH3)\u2550CH2\u2003\u2003X (FX-14)
wherein n is an integer of 4 to 8, and the perfluoroalkyl group may be linear or branched.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A semiconductor device comprising:
an interposer;
a first semiconductor package electrically connected to a bottom surface of the interposer comprising:
a first substrate; and
a first semiconductor chip mounted on the first substrate; and

at least two second semiconductor packages electrically connected to a top surface of the interposer, the at least two second semiconductor packages spaced apart from each other in a direction parallel to the top surface of the interposer, wherein each of the second semiconductor packages comprises:
a second substrate;
a second semiconductor chip mounted on the second substrate; and
a mold part disposed on the second substrate to protect the second semiconductor chip.
2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a size of the interposer is substantially equal to or greater than a size of the first semiconductor package.
3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a size of each of the second semiconductor packages is smaller than a size of the interposer and is smaller than a size of the first semiconductor package.
4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising:
first connecting patterns disposed on the first substrate and adjacent to the first semiconductor chip,
wherein the first connecting patterns electrically connect the first substrate to the interposer.
5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, further comprising:
second connecting patterns disposed between the second substrate and the interposer,
wherein the second connecting patterns electrically connect the interposer to the second substrate.
6. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the first semiconductor chip includes a logic chip; and
wherein the second semiconductor chip includes a memory chip.
7. A semiconductor device comprising:
a lower package including a logic chip mounted on a package substrate, the lower package having a first size;
at least two upper packages, each of the upper packages comprising a memory chip mounted on a substrate, and each of the upper packages having a second size smaller than the first size; and
an interposer disposed between the lower package and the upper packages, the interposer electrically connecting the lower package to the upper packages, and the interposer having a third size equal to or greater than the first size, wherein the interposer further comprises pinouts arranged on a top surface of the interposer to connect the at least two upper packages of the second size and at least one upper package of a fourth size smaller than the first size.
8.-11. (canceled)
12. A semiconductor device comprising:
an interposer;
a first semiconductor chip mounted on a first substrate with a first connecting pattern, wherein the first semiconductor chip is electrically connected to a bottom surface of the interposer through a second connecting pattern disposed on the first substrate and adjacent to the first semiconductor chip;
a first mold part covering the first substrate and the first connecting pattern, wherein the first mold part surrounds the first semiconductor chip and the second connecting pattern, exposing a top surface of the first semiconductor chip; and
at least two semiconductor packages directly connected to a top surface of the interposer with third connecting patterns, wherein each of the at least two semiconductor packages comprises a second semiconductor chip protected by a second mold part, and wherein the at least two semiconductor packages are laterally adjacent to each other along the interposer.
13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the first semiconductor chip comprises a logic chip, and wherein the second semiconductor chips comprise memory chips.
14. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the first mold part comprises an exposed-mold underfill structure.
15. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the second mold parts cover the second semiconductor chips.
16. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the second mold parts comprise exposed-mold underfill structures.
17. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the second semiconductor chips are mounted on second substrates that are directly connected to the third connecting patterns and covered by the second mold parts.
18. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the second semiconductor packages comprise through-electrodes covered by the second mold parts.
19. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the second and third connecting patterns comprise solder balls.
20. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the top surface of the interposer comprises pinouts arranged to couple to at least two semiconductor packages having different sizes.