Author: claimsbot

1. An intake manifold section for installing in an intake system of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
a tube body including an inlet opening, an outlet opening and a fresh air path section running from the inlet opening to the outlet opening,
an air mass sensor fastened to the tube body and protruding into the fresh air path section,

a bypass channel disposed on the tube body and bypassing the fresh air path section connected to a blow-by gas path at an inlet side.
2. The intake manifold section according to claim 1,
wherein the bypass channel is formed integrally on the tube body.
3. The intake manifold section according to claim 1,
wherein the inlet opening of the tube body is connected to an outlet of an inlet component of the intake system on the inlet side,
further wherein the outlet opening of the tube body is connected to an inlet of an outlet component of the intake system on an outlet side,
and further wherein the bypass channel opens on the outlet side into the outlet component on the outlet side.
4. The intake manifold section according to claim 3,
wherein the tube body has an outlet connection on the outlet side, the outlet connection including the outlet opening and being configured to be connected to the outlet component of the intake system on the outlet side,
and further wherein the bypass channel includes an outlet section.
5. The intake manifold section according to claim 4,
wherein the outlet connection has an inner skin with a round internal cross-section laterally delimiting the outlet opening, and an outer skin with a round external cross-section surrounding the inner skin.
6. The intake manifold section according to claim 1,
wherein the bypass channel projects over the outlet opening on the outlet side.
7. The intake manifold section according to claim 1,
wherein the bypass channel has a connection piece on the inlet side capable of being connected to a gas line outlet of a blow-by gas line guiding the blow-by gas path.
8. The intake manifold section according to claim 7,
wherein the outlet of the blow-by gas line is arranged on an inlet component of the intake system on the inlet side,
and further wherein the outlet of the blow-by gas line is formed integrally on the inlet component on the inflow inlet side.
9. The intake manifold section according to claim 1,
wherein the air mass sensor has a housing and is at least one of glued and welded to the tube body,
and further wherein at least one of the tube body and the housing is produced from plastic.
10. The intake manifold section according to claim 1,
wherein the intake manifold section is a pre-mounted unit configured to be installed with a calibrated air mass sensor into the intake system.
11. An intake system for the fresh air supply of an internal combustion engine, comprising: at least one intake manifold section.
having a tube body, an air mass sensor and a bypass channel, wherein the tube body includes an inlet opening, an outlet opening and a fresh air path section running from the inlet opening to the outlet opening,
further wherein the air mass sensor is fastened to the tube body and protrudes into the fresh air path section,
and further wherein the bypass channel is disposed on the tube body and bypassing the fresh air path section connected to a blow-by gas path at an inlet side.
12. The intake manifold section according to claim 11, wherein the bypass channel is formed integrally on the tube body.
13. The intake manifold section according to claim 11, wherein the inlet opening of the tube body is connected to an outlet of an inlet component of the intake system on the inlet side, further wherein the outlet opening of the tube body is connected to an inlet of an outlet component of the intake system on an outlet side, and further wherein the bypass channel opens on the outlet side into the outlet component on the outlet side.
14. The intake manifold section according to claims 13, wherein the tube body has an outlet connection on the outlet side, the outlet connection including the outlet opening and being configured to be connected to the outlet component of the intake system on the outlet side, and further wherein the bypass channel includes an outlet section.
15. The intake manifold section according to claim 14, wherein the outlet connection has an inner skin with a round internal cross-section laterally delimiting the outlet opening, and an outer skin with a round external cross-section surrounding the inner skin.
16. The intake manifold section according to claim 11,wherein the bypass channel projects over the outlet opening on the outlet side.
17. The intake manifold section according to claim 11, wherein the bypass channel has a connection piece on the inlet side capable of being connected to a gas line outlet of a blow-by gas line guiding the blow-by gas path.
18. The intake manifold section according to claim 17, wherein the outlet of the blow-by gas line is arranged on an inlet component of the intake system on the inlet side, and wherein the outlet of the blow-by gas line is formed integrally on the inlet component on the inlet side.
19. The intake manifold section according to claim 11, wherein the air mass sensor has a housing and is at least one of glued and welded to the tube body, and wherein at least one of the tube body and the housing is produced from plastic.
20. The intake manifold section according to claim 11, wherein the intake manifold section is a pre-mounted unit configured to be installed with a calibrated air mass sensor into the intake system.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A method of treating andropause in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
37
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
38
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
39
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
40
(g) CR (OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
41
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R 2and R 3are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R 4 is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;

(C) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
42
wherein G is
43
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
6. A method of treating gynecomastia in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the estrogen agonist I antagonist is a compound of formula I
44
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
45
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
46
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
47
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
48
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4 is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
49
wherein G is
50
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
11. A method of treating lipid disorders in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
51
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
52
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
53
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
54
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
55
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
56
wherein G is
57
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
16. A method of treating cardiovascular disease in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
58
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
59
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
60
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
61
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
62
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the estrogen agonist I antagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
63
wherein G is
64
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
21. A method of treating atherosclerosis in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonist I antagonist and testosterone.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the estrogen agonist I antagonist is a compound of formula I
65
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
66
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
67
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
68
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
69
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
70
wherein G is
71
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
24. The method of claim 21 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
26. A method of maintaining or improving vascular reactivity in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
72
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
73
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
74
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
75
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
76
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
77
wherein G is
78
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
29. The method of claim 26 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
31. A method of increasing libido in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
79
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
80
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
81
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
82
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
83
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
33. The method of claim 31 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
84
wherein G is
85
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
34. The method of claim 31 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
36. A method of treating hypogonadism in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
37. The method of claim 36 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
86
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
87
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
88
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
89
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
90
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
38. The method of claim 36 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
91
wherein G is
92
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
39. The method of claim 36 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
40. The method of claim 39 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
41. A method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
42. The method of claim 41 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
93
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
94
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
95
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
96
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
97
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
43. The method of claim 41 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
98
wherein G is
99
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
44. The method of claim 41 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
45. The method of claim 44 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
46. A method of treating osteoporosis in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone.
47. The method of claim 46 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
100
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or
(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;

Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
101
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
102
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
103
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
104
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
48. The method of claim 46 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
105
wherein G is
106
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
49. The method of claim 46 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
50. The method of claim 49 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
51. A method of treating andropause, gynecomastia, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypogonadism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or osteoporosis, or increasing libido, or maintaining or improving vascular reactivity in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of testosterone and an estrogen agonistantagonist that is selected from the group consisting of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, droloxifene, toremifene, centchroman, idoxifene, 6-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl-naphthalen-2-ol, 4-2-(2-aza-bicyclo2.2.1hept-2-yl)-ethoxy-phenyl-6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-benzobthiophen-3-yl-methanone, EM-652, EM-800, GW 5638, GW 7604, and optical or geometric isomers thereof; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, N-oxides, esters, quaternary ammonium salts, and prodrugs thereof.
52. A method of treating andropause, gynecomastia, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypogonadism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or osteoporosis, or increasing libido, or maintaining or improving vascular reactivity in a male patient, the method comprising administering to a male patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of testosterone and an estrogen agonistantagonist that is selected from a compound of formulas V or VI:
107
wherein:
R1B is selected from H, OH, OC(O)C1-C12 alkyl (straight chain or branched), OC1-C12 alkyl (straight chain or branched or cyclic), or halogens or C1-C4halogenated ethers;
R2B, R3B, R4B, R5B, and R6B are independently selected from H, OH, OC(O)C1-C12 (straight chain or branched), OC1-C12 (straight chain or branched or cyclic), halogens, or C1-C4 halogenated ethers, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl (straight chain or branched), or trifluoromethyl;
XA is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, and halogen;
s is 2 or 3;
YA is the moiety:
108
wherein:
a) R7B and R8B are independently selected from the group of H, C1-C6 alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted by CN, C1-C6 alkyl (straight chain or branched), C1-C6 alkoxy (straight chain or branched), halogen, OH, CF3, or OCF3; or
b) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a five-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
c) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a six-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
d) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a seven-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2 R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
e) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form an eight-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
f) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a saturated bicyclic heterocycle containing from 6-12 carbon atoms either bridged or fused and containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2 H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4) alkyl;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof;
a compound, TSE-424, of formula Va below:
109
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof; or a compound of formula III or formula IV below:
110
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
53. A kit for treating andropause, gynecomastia, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypogonadism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or osteoporosis, or increasing libido, or maintaining or improving vascular reactivity in a male patient, the kit comprising:
a) one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising an estrogen agonistantagonist and testosterone; and
b) instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition to treat andropause, gynecomastia, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypogonadism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or osteoporosis, or increase libido, or maintain or improve vascular reactivity in a male patient.
54. The kit of claim 53 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula I
111
wherein:
A is selected from CH2 and NR;
B, D and E are independently selected from CH and N;
Y is
(a) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(b) naphthyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(c) C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(d) C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from R4;
(e) a five membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
(f) a six membered heterocycle containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

(g) a bicyclic ring system consisting of a five or six membered heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring, said heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, NR2 and S(O)n, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4;
Z1 is
(a) (CH2)p W(CH2)q;
(b) O(CH2)p CR5R6;
(c) O(CH2)pW(CH2)q;
(d) OCHR2CHR3; or
(e) SCHR2CHR3;

G is
(a) NR7R8;
112
wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1, 2 or 3; Z2 is NH, O, S, or CH2; optionally fused on adjacent carbon atoms with one or two phenyl rings and, optionally independently substituted on carbon with one to three substituents and, optionally, independently on nitrogen with a chemically suitable substituent selected from R4; or
(c) a bicyclic amine containing five to twelve carbon atoms, either bridged or fused and optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from R4; or

Z1 and G in combination may be
113
W is
(a) CH2;
(b) CHCH;
(c) O;
(d) NR2;
(e) S(O)n;
114
(g) CR2(OH);
(h) CONR2;
(i) NR2CO;
115
(k) CC;

R is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 and R3 are independently
(a) hydrogen; or
(b) C1-C4 alkyl;

R4 is
(a) hydrogen;
(b) halogen;
(c) C1-C6 alkyl;
(d) C1-C4 alkoxy;
(e) C1-C4 acyloxy;
(f) C1-C4 alkylthio;
(g) C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl;
(h) C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl;
(i) hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl;
(j) aryl (C1-C4)alkyl;
(k) CO2H;
(l) CN;
(m) CONHOR;
(n) SO2NHR;
(o) NH2;
(p) C1-C4 alkylamino;
(q) C1-C4 dialkylamino;
(r) NHSO2R;
(s) NO2;
(t) -aryl; or
(u) OH;

R5 and R6 are independently C1-C8 alkyl or together form a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring;
R7 and R8 are independently
(a) phenyl;
(b) a C3-C10 carbocyclic ring, saturated or unsaturated;
(c) a C3-C10 heterocyclic ring containing up to two heteroatoms, selected from O, N and S;
(d) H;
(e) C1-C6 alkyl; or
(f) form a 3 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring with R5 or R6;

R7 and R8 in either linear or ring form may optionally be substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy and carboxy;
a ring formed by R7 and R8 may be optionally fused to a phenyl ring;
e is 0, 1 or 2;
m is 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.
55. The kit of claim 53 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is a compound of formula (IA)
116
wherein G is
117
R4 is H, OH, F, or Cl; and B and E are independently selected from CH and N or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
56. The kit of claim 53 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is ()-cis-6-phenyl-5-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt, or a prodrug thereof.
57. The kit of claim 56 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is in the form of a D-tartrate salt.
58. The kit of claim 53 that includes an additional compound that is useful for treating andropause, gynecomastia, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypogonadism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or osteoporosis, or increasing libido, or maintaining or improving vascular reactivity in a male patient.
59. A kit of claim 53 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is selected from the group consisting of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, droloxifene, toremifene, centchroman, idoxifene, 6-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl-naphthalen-2-ol, 4-2-(2-aza-bicyclo2.2.1hept-2-yl)-ethoxy-phenyl-6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-benzobthiophen-3-yl-methanone, EM-652, EM-800, GW 5638, GW 7604, and optical or geometric isomers thereof; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, N-oxides, esters, quaternary ammonium salts, and prodrugs thereof.
60. A kit of claim 53 wherein the estrogen agonistantagonist is selected from a compound of formulas V or VI:
118
wherein:
R1B is selected from H, OH, OC(O)C1-C12 alkyl (straight chain or branched), OC1-C12 alkyl (straight chain or branched or cyclic), or halogens or C1-C4 halogenated ethers;
R2B, R3B, R4B, R5B, and R6B are independently selected from H, OH, OC(O)C1-C12 (straight chain or branched), OC1-C12 (straight chain or branched or cyclic), halogens, or C1-C4 halogenated ethers, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl (straight chain or branched), or trifluoromethyl;
XA is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, and halogen;
s is 2 or 3;
YA is the moiety:
119
wherein:
a) R7B and R8B are independently selected from the group of H, C1-C6 alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted by CN, C1-C6 alkyl (straight chain or branched), C1-C6 alkoxy (straight chain or branched), halogen, OH, CF3, or OCF3; or
b) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a five-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
c) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a six-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
d) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a seven-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2 R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
e) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form an eight-membered saturated heterocycle containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2H, CN, CONHR1B, NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4)alkyl; or
f) R7B and R8B are concatenated to form a saturated bicyclic heterocycle containing from 6-12 carbon atoms either bridged or fused and containing one nitrogen heteroatom, the heterocycle being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, trihalomethyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, trihalomethoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, hydroxy (C1-C4)alkyl, CO2 H, CN, CONHR1B,
NH2, NH(C1-C4 alkyl), N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, NHSO2R1B, NHCOR1B, NO2, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 (C1-C4) alkyl; or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof; a compound, TSE-424, of formula Va below:
120
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof; or a compound of formula III or formula IV below:
121
or an optical or geometric isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, ester, quaternary ammonium salt or prodrug thereof.

1. An exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine, comprising:
a three-way catalyst located in an exhaust channel of an internal combustion engine, wherein:
said three-way catalyst comprises one or more catalyst elements and has two or more pore groups different in average pore opening size in a washcoat.
2. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein:
said three-way catalyst comprises a microporous catalyst element having a micropore group whose average pore opening size is smaller than prescribed size in a washcoat and a macroporous catalyst element having a macropore group whose average pore opening size is larger than said prescribed size in a washcoat.
3. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein:
said three-way catalyst comprises a microporous catalyst element having a micropore group whose average pore opening size is smaller than molecular size of HC in a washcoat and a macroporous catalyst element having a macropore group whose average pore opening size is larger than the molecular size of HC in a washcoat.
4. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein:
said microporous catalyst element and said macroporous catalyst element are arranged in series with each other, facing in a direction of an exhaust flow.
5. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 4, wherein:
said microporous catalyst element is disposed on the upstream side of the exhaust flow, and said macroporous catalyst element on the downstream side of the exhaust flow.
6. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein:
said microporous catalyst element and said macroporous catalyst element are arranged in layers.
7. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 6, wherein:
said microporous catalyst element is disposed on a surface layer side, and said macroporous catalyst element on an internal layer side.
8. The exhaust emission control device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, further comprising:
air-fuel ratio modulating means for periodically modulating an air-fuel ratio of an exhaust emission that flows into said three-way catalyst between a lean air-fuel ratio and a rich air-fuel ratio.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A carrier interferometry (CI) transmission system employing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)-reduction signaling, the CI transmission system including:
a symbol-mapping module adapted to allocate a predetermined number of data bits to a predetermined set of subchannels,
a CI coder adapted to perform at least one predetermined combination of data spreading and channel coding to produce a plurality of input symbols,
a carrier-generator module adapted to associate the input symbols with at least one set of subchannels and generate a corresponding time-domain sequence representing a data-payload signal, and
an unloaded channel-encoding module adapted to select unloaded subchannels for transmission of at least one PAPR-reduction signal.
2. The CI transmission system recited in claim 1 wherein the unloaded channel-encoding module is adapted to select and generate at least one unloaded subchannel for combining with the time-domain sequence when the time-domain sequence exceeds a predetermined power threshold.
3. The CI transmission system recited in claim 2 wherein the unloaded channel-encoding module is adapted to generate PAPR-reduction signals in unloaded subchannels and combine the PAPR-reduction signals with the time-domain sequence until the time-domain sequence power drops below a predetermined threshold.
4. The CI transmission system recited in claim 1 wherein the symbol-mapping module is adapted to generate unloaded subchannels by not loading subchannels that are comprised by adverse channel conditions.
5. The CI transmission system recited in claim 1 wherein the unloaded channel-encoding module is adapted to maintain the data-payload signal below a predetermined clipping threshold.
6. The CI transmission system recited in claim 1 wherein the unloaded channel-encoding module is adapted to combine the at least one PAPR-reduction signal with at least one of the plurality of input symbols and the data-payload signal.
7. The CI transmission system recited in claim 1 wherein the symbol-mapping module is adapted to cease loading at least one predetermined subchannel that is below at least one predetermined channel-quality metric such that the unloaded channel-encoding module is capable of selecting said predetermined subchannel for transmission of at least one PAPR-reduction signal.
8. The CI transmission system recited in claim 1 wherein the symbol-mapping module is adapted to allocate a predetermined number of data bits to at least one of a set of subchannels including space-frequency subchannels, space-time subchannels, CI phase-space subchannels, spatial sub-channels, and polarization subchannels.
9. The CI transmission system recited in claim 1 wherein the symbol-mapping module is further adapted to select which of a plurality of sequence permutations of the predetermined number of data bits results in the greatest reduction of PAPR in the data-payload signal.
10. A multicarrier transmission system adapted to reduce the effects of high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) including:
a carrier interferometry (CI) coder adapted to spread at least one data sequence with at least one set of CI codes for generating at least one set of CI-coded symbols,
a sub-carrier generator adapted to map the at least one set of CI-coded symbols onto a plurality of subcarriers,
a plurality of combiners adapted to combine sets of the plurality of carriers for producing a plurality of CI-coded time-domain sequences that are characterized by low PAPR, and
a plurality of power amplifiers coupled to the plurality of combiners, the amplifiers adapted to amplify the plurality of CI-coded time-domain sequences.
11. The multicarrier transmission system recited in claim 10 further including an amplified-signal combiner coupled to the plurality of power amplifiers.
12. The multicarrier transmission system recited in claim 11 wherein the amplified-signal combiner includes at least one of a set including an antenna, a waveguide, and a multi-port junction.
13. A multicarrier signal generator including:
a pulse-train generator adapted to generate a sequence of pulse waveforms having a predetermined spectrum,
a carrier interferometry (CI) coder capable of generating at least one CI code, and
a carrier selector coupled to the CI coder and the pulse-train generator, the carrier selector adapted to impress the at least one CI code onto the sequence of pulse waveforms to shape the predetermined spectrum.