Author: claimsbot

1. A gear train of an automatic transmission for a vehicle comprising first and second planetary gear sets arranged on a first shaft, a third planetary gear set arranged on a second shaft, which is parallel to the first shaft and connected to the first and second planetary gear sets through first and second transfer gears and a plurality of friction members, wherein:
the first planetary gear set comprises:
a first sun gear that always acts as a fixed element;
a first ring gear that acts as a reduced speed output element; and
a first planet carrier that is connected to an input shaft and always acts as an input element and an output element;

the second planetary gear set comprises:
a second sun gear that is connected to the first ring gear and always acts as an input element;
a second planet carrier that is selectively connected to the input shaft and selectively connected to a transmission housing and selectively acts as an input element, a fixed element, and a output element; and
a second ring gear that selectively acts as an output element and a fixed element;

and the third planetary gear set comprises:
a third sun gear that is selectively connected to the first ring gear, the first planet carrier, the second ring gear or the transmission housing, and selectively acts as an input element and a fixed element;
a third ring gear that is connected to the second planet carrier and selectively acts as an input element and a fixed element; and
a third planet carrier that acts as an output element.
2. The gear train of an automatic transmission of claim 1, wherein:
the first planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set;
the second planetary gear set is a single pinion planetary gear set; and
the third planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set.
3. The gear train of an automatic transmission of claim 1, wherein:
the first transfer gear is connected to the third sun gear and selectively connected to the first planet carrier, the first ring gear and the second ring gear;
the second transfer gear is connected to the third ring gear and the second planet carrier, and selectively connected to the input shaft; and
the friction element comprises:
a first clutch that selectively connects the second ring gear and the first transfer gear;
a second clutch that selectively connects the first ring gear and the first transfer gear;
a third clutch that selectively connects the input shaft and the second transfer gear;
a fourth clutch that selectively connects the first planet carrier and the first transfer gear;
a first brake that selectively connects the second planet carrier and the transmission housing; and
a second brake that selectively connects the first transfer gear and the transmission housing.
4. The gear train of an automatic transmission of claim 3, wherein:
the first clutch and the first brake are operated in a first forward speed;
the first clutch and the second brake are operated in a second forward speed;
the first and second clutches are operated in a third forward speed;
the first and fourth clutches are operated in a fourth forward speed;
the first and third clutches are operated in a fifth forward speed;
the third and fourth clutches are operated in a sixth forward speed;
the second and third clutches are operated in a seventh forward speed;
the third clutch and the second brake are operated in an eighth forward speed; and
the second clutch and the first brake are operated in a reverse speed.
5. The gear train of an automatic transmission of claim 1, wherein the first sun gear is connected to the transmission housing.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An incremental MAC tag generation device comprising:
a padding unit configured to input a final block of a plaintext (M) that has been divided into a plurality of blocks, and carry out padding on the final block of the plaintext (M) when a length of the final block of the plaintext (M) is less than a predetermined number of bits;
a cache reference parallel encryption unit configured to input blocks of the plaintext (M) other than the final block, a cached plaintext (M\u2032), and an intermediate variable (S\u2032) obtained by encrypting the plaintext (M\u2032), and calculate an intermediate variable (S);
a scrambled hash unit configured to carry out scrambling processing on the intermediate variable (S), and calculate a hash value (V) by performing exclusive OR (XOR) on respective blocks of the scrambled intermediate variable (S) and the final block of the plaintext (M) output from the padding unit; and
a tag generation unit configured to calculate a tag by encrypting the hash value (V) by using a parameter to indicate the presence or absence of the padding by the padding unit,
wherein the cache reference parallel encryption unit compares the blocks of the plaintext (M) other than the final block with respective blocks of the plaintext (M\u2032),
when there exists a block of the plaintext (M\u2032) matched with a block of the plaintext (M), the cache reference parallel encryption unit uses a block of the intermediate variable (S\u2032) corresponding to the block of the plaintext (M\u2032) in the intermediate variable (S), and
when there exists no block of the plaintext (M\u2032) matched with a block of the plaintext (M), the cache reference parallel encryption unit encrypts the block of the plaintext (M) and uses the encrypted block of the plaintext (M) in the intermediate variable (S).
2. The incremental MAC tag generation device according to claim 1, wherein the scrambling processing of the scrambled hash unit cyclically shifts a partial sequence having a specific prime length of each of the blocks of the input intermediate variable (S).
3. The incremental MAC tag generation device according to claim 1, wherein the scrambling processing of the scrambled hash unit multiplies the respective input blocks of the intermediate variable (S) by constants having different values in a specific finite field.
4. The incremental MAC tag generation device according to claim 1, wherein the scrambling processing of the scrambled hash unit applies respective input blocks of the intermediate variable (S) to a linear shift register, and performs operations as many as the same number as the input blocks.
5. A message authentication device comprising:
an incremental MAC tag generation device according to claim 1;
an input unit configured to input a plaintext (M), a tag (T) corresponding to the plaintext (M), a cached plaintext (M\u2032), and an intermediate variable (S\u2032) obtained by encrypting the plaintext (M\u2032);
a local tag verification unit configured to verify a local tag (Z) generated by the incremental MAC tag generation device by comparing the local tag (Z) with the tag (T) input from the input unit by using the plaintext (M), the plaintext (M\u2032), and the intermediate variable (S\u2032); and
an output unit configured to output the verification result of the local tag verification unit.
6. An incremental MAC tag generation method comprising:
inputting a final block of a plaintext (M) that has been divided into a plurality of blocks, and carrying out padding on the final block of the plaintext (M) when a length of the final block of the plaintext (M) is less than a predetermined number of bits;
inputting blocks of the plaintext (M) other than the final block, a cached plaintext (M\u2032), and an intermediate variable (S) obtained by encrypting the plaintext (M\u2032);
comparing the blocks of the plaintext (M) other than the final block with respective blocks of the plaintext (M\u2032);
when there exists a block of the plaintext (M\u2032) matched with a block of the plaintext (M), using a block of the intermediate variable (S\u2032) corresponding to the block of the plaintext (M\u2032) in the intermediate variable (S);
when there exists no block of the plaintext (M\u2032) matched with a block of the plaintext (M), calculating the intermediate variable (S) by encrypting the block of the plaintext (M);
performing scrambling processing on the intermediate variable (S), and calculating a hash value (V) by performing exclusive OR (XOR) on respective blocks of the scrambled intermediate variable (S) and the final block of the plaintext (M); and
calculating a tag by encrypting the hash value (V) by using a parameter to indicate the presence or absence of padding.
7. A non-transitory computer readable information recording medium storing an incremental MAC tag generation program that, when executed by a processor, performs a method for:
inputting a final block of a plaintext (M) that has been divided into a plurality of blocks, and carrying out padding on the final block of the plaintext (M) when a length of the final block of the plaintext (M) is less than a predetermined number of bits;
inputting blocks of the plaintext (M) other than the final block, a cached plaintext (M\u2032), and an intermediate variable (S\u2032) obtained by encrypting the plaintext (M\u2032);
comparing the blocks of the plaintext (M) other than the final block with respective blocks of the plaintext (M\u2032);
when there exists a block of the cached plaintext (M\u2032) matched with a block of the plaintext (M), using a block of the intermediate variable (S\u2032) corresponding to the block of the cached plaintext (M) in the intermediate variable (S);
when there exists no block of the plaintext (M\u2032) matched with a block of the plaintext (M), calculating the intermediate variable (S) by encrypting the block of the plaintext (M);
performing scrambling processing on the intermediate variable (S), and calculating a hash value (V) by performing exclusive OR (XOR) on respective blocks of the scrambled intermediate variable (S) and the final block of the plaintext (M); and
calculating a tag by encrypting the hash value (V) by using a parameter to indicate the presence or absence of padding.
8. A message authentication device comprising:
an incremental MAC tag generation device according to claim 2;
an input unit configured to input a plaintext (M), a tag (T) corresponding to the plaintext (M), a cached plaintext (M\u2032), and an intermediate variable (S\u2032) obtained by encrypting the plaintext (M\u2032);
a local tag verification unit configured to verify a local tag (Z) generated by the incremental MAC tag generation device by comparing the local tag (Z) with the tag (T) input from the input unit by using the plaintext (M), the plaintext (M\u2032), and the intermediate variable (S\u2032); and
an output unit configured to output the verification result of the local tag verification unit.
9. A message authentication device comprising:
an incremental MAC tag generation device according to claim 3;
an input unit configured to input a plaintext (M), a tag (T) corresponding to the plaintext (M), a cached plaintext (M\u2032), and an intermediate variable (S\u2032) obtained by encrypting the plaintext (M\u2032);
a local tag verification unit configured to verify a local tag (Z) generated by the incremental MAC tag generation device by comparing the local tag (Z) with the tag (T) input from the input unit by using the plaintext (M), the plaintext (M\u2032), and the intermediate variable (S\u2032); and
an output unit configured to output the verification result of the local tag verification unit.
10. A message authentication device comprising:
an incremental MAC tag generation device according to claim 4;
an input unit configured to input a plaintext (M), a tag (T) corresponding to the plaintext (M), a cached plaintext (M\u2032), and an intermediate variable (S\u2032) obtained by encrypting the plaintext (M\u2032);
a local tag verification unit configured to verify a local tag (Z) generated by the incremental MAC tag generation device by comparing the local tag (Z) with the tag (T) input from the input unit by using the plaintext (M), the plaintext (M\u2032), and the intermediate variable (S\u2032); and
an output unit configured to output the verification result of the local tag verification unit.

1. A method of controllably localizing particles at specific locations on a substrate, each specific location proximal to an individually addressable force transducing element, the method comprising:
providing a plurality of particles proximal to the substrate;
providing a substantially uniform magnetic field that encompasses the specific locations and the particles;
selecting one or more force transducing elements to be activated; and
controllably localizing one or more particles to the specific locations by activating the selected force transducing elements to transduce a motive force to one or more particles proximal to the corresponding specific location, wherein the magnitude of the transduced force is substantially altered by the presence of the uniform field; and
detecting, at one or more of the activated locations, the number of particles attracted to the location.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the uniform field comprises a field from a permanent magnet.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the uniform field includes a time-varying component.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising regulating a passage of electromagnetic radiation by controlling the positioning of one or more of the particles.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the uniform field is produced by a portable device.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of regulating the uniform field or force transducing element to reduce contact between the particles.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of regulating clumping of the particles using a method that is selected from the group consisting of: applying vibrations, applying electrical fields, incorporating charges within the particles, applying magnetic fields, and adjusting fluid flow to reduce contact between the particles.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles are selected to comprise one or more discrete groups, and wherein each group has at least one substantially similar physical characteristic that affects localization of the group.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of the groups comprises particles of substantially similar size or effective radius.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of the groups comprises particles selected to comprise a substantially uniform shape.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of controllably moving at least one of the particles from a first preferred location to a second preferred location by activation of the force transducing elements.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising sensing localization of the particle proximal to a preferred location.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
releasing one or more of the particles from the corresponding specific locations; and
recovering the one or more released particles from the substrate.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the force transducing elements generate a magnetic field, and the particles are magnetically active.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the magnetically active particles include one or more discrete groups that are distinguishable on the basis of physical properties that affect their localization with respect to properties that are selected from the group of properties consisting of: magnetic field strength, time-bearing magnetic fields, viscosity of surrounding fluid, resistance of surrounding fluid, density, mass, inertia, size, geometric shape, and effective radius.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein the first preferred location and the second preferred location controllably exchange one particle.
17. The method of claim 12, further comprising using a microfabricated sensor for sensing localization.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the specific location includes a crater formed in said substrate proximal the force transducing element.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the particles include magnetized beads, and wherein the step of detecting includes detecting inductance changes in one or more conducting coils proximal the crater, the inductance changes caused by the particles entering the crater.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the particles are each substantially commensurate in shape and dimension as the crater.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the particles include magnetic or magnetizable micro-beads.
22. The method of claim 18, wherein the particles comprise a plurality of lid particles, each of sufficient size to substantially close an opening of the crater.
23. The method of claim 18, wherein the particles move a substantial distance, the distance being sufficient to exceed a radius of the respective particle.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the force transducing elements generate a magnetic field.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles controllably localized to the specific locations comprise magnetically active particles.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising applying the substantially imiform magnetic field to a portion of the substrate to increase the force on or between the magnetically active particles.
27. The method of claim 1, comprising detecting with a sensing element that is selected from the group consisting of: a pH sensor, an optical sensor, a radiation sensor, a matmetic induction sensor, a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor.
28. The method of claim 1, comprising detecting with a sensing element that has a position relative to the specific locations selected from a group of positions consisting of: under the specific locations, adjacent to the specific locations, surrounding the specific locations, above the specific locations, between the specific locations, operably connected to the specific location by a signal-routing conduit, and combinations thereof.
29. The method of claim 1, further comprising controllably repelling at least one of the particles from at least one of the specific locations.
30. The method of claim 1, further comprising localizing a predetermined number of particles to a predetermined one of the specific locations.
31. The method of claim 1, further comprising regulating the number of particles at a location by repelling additional particles from that location.
32. The method of claim 1, further comprising jointly controlling a plurality of the force transducing elements to pass a predetermined number of the particles between two adjacent locations.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the particles comprise magnetically active particles and the force transducing element generates a magnetic field that transduces force to at least some of the magnetically active particles.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A computer implemented method for depicting a volumetric effect occupying a volume, comprising the acts of:
providing a plurality of picture elements to define an image of the volumetric effect;
for each picture element casting a ray from an observation location through each picture element;
moving through the volume along each ray in increments;
at each increment, generating a particle;
rendering the particles; and
splatting each particle multiple times to define the image of the volumetric effect.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of generating a particle includes interpolating.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the interpolating is non-linear.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the interpolating includes applying one of a tri-linear, tri-quadratic, and tri-cubic interpolation.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the rendering of the particles is individually or in batches.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein each particle is rendered on a quadrilateral the size of one of the picture elements.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein each particle has the attributes of position, color, opacity, and velocity.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the observation location is that of a notional camera recording the image.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of casting the ray includes for each ray:
determining its entry and exit point for the volume; and
applying an inverse transformation to the ray.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of increments for each ray is in the range of 50 to 450.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of splatting includes:
weighting each particle by a proportion of the associated pixel covered by the splatted particle.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of splatting includes projecting a vector representing the velocity onto a plane defined by the picture elements, thereby to render motion blur.
13. A computer readable medium storing computer code for carrying out the method of claim 1.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the act of splatting to provide motion blur.
15. The method of claim 1, further comprising setting a depth of field of the image.
16. Computer implemented apparatus for depicting a volumetric effect occupying a volume, comprising:
a memory storing a plurality of picture elements defining an image;
a ray caster element coupled to the memory and casting a ray for each picture element from an observation location through each picture element;
a ray marcher element coupled to the ray caster and which moves through the volume along each ray in increments;
a particle generator element coupled to the ray marcher and which generates a particle at each increment;
a particle renderer element coupled to the particle generator and which renders the particles; and
a splatterer element coupled to the particle renderer element and which splats each particle multiple times to define the image of the volumetric effect.