All The Claims

1. A process for preparing an azetidinone, comprising the step of reacting:
(1) a \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide, a \u03b2-(substituted-amino)-acid ester, or a \u03b2-(substituted-amino)thiolcarbonic acid ester with
(2) at least one silylating agent and
(3) at least one cyclizing agent which is
(a) selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carboxylates, quaternary ammonium carboxylates, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, quaternary ammonium alkoxides, quaternary ammonium aryloxides and hydrates thereof, or
(b) the reaction product of:
(i) at least one quaternary ammonium halide and at least one alkali metal carboxylate; or
(ii) at least one quaternary ammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium bromide, or quaternary ammonium iodide and at least one alkali metal fluoride,

wherein a quaternary ammonium moiety of the cyclizing agent is unsubstituted or substituted by one to four groups independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, arylalkyl and arylalkyl-alkyl.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the azetidinone is represented by the structural Formula (I):
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates of the azetidinone of Formula (I), wherein in Formula (I) above:
X\u2032, Y\u2032 and Z can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH(alkyl)- and \u2014C(alkyl)2-;
Q1 and Q2 can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, \u2014(C0-C30 alkylene)-G, \u2014OR6, \u2014OC(O)R6, \u2014OC(O)OR9, and \u2014OC(O)NR6R7M;
Q3, Q4, and Q5 can be the same or different and each is independently 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of acyl, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylsulfonyl alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkynyl, \u2014(C0-C30 alkylene)-G, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OR6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)R6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)OR6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)R6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)OR9, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014C(O)R6, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014C(O)OR6, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014C(O)OR6, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014C(O)R6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-OR6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)R6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)OR6, \u2014CN, \u2014C(\u2550N\u2014CN)\u2014NH2, \u2014C(\u2550NH)\u2014NHR10, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014O\u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6NR7C(O)OR6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)(aryl)-N\u2014N\u2550N\u2212, \u2014OC(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)OR6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)NR6R7, \u2014NO2, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-NR6R7, \u2014O\u2014(C2-C10 alkylene)-NR6R7, \u2014NR6C(O)R7, \u2014NR6C(O)OR9, \u2014NR6C(O)NR7R8, \u2014NR6S(O)0-2R9, \u2014N(S(O)0-2R9)2, \u2014CHNOR6, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014C(O)NR6NR6R7, \u2014S(O)0-2NR6R7, \u2014S(O)0-2R9, \u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014OC(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-NR6C(O)O-(alkylaryl), \u2014P(O)(OR10)2, \u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-OSi(alkyl)3, \u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3, halo, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkoxyarylalkoxy, alkoxyiminoalkyl, alkyldioyl, allyl, allyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, aroyl, aroyloxy, arylsulfonyl, aroylaroyloxy, aroyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, benzoylbenzoyloxy, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, dioxolanyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonylalkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, and alkylsulfonyl;
wherein optionally one or more carbon atoms of the \u2014(C0-C30 alkylene)- radical of Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 and Q6 is independently replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014N(alkyl)-, \u2014N(alkylaryl)- or \u2014NH\u2014;
G is selected from the group consisting of a sugar residue, disugar residue, trisugar residue, tetrasugar residue, sugar acid, amino sugar, amino acid residue, oligopeptide residue comprising 2 to 9 amino acids, trialkylammoniumalkyl radical and \u2014S(O)2\u2014OH,
R2 and R3 can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and aryl;
R6, R7 and R8 can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and a protecting group; and
each R9 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or arylalkyl.
each R13 is independently H or alkyl;
q is 0 or 1;
r is 0 or 1;
m, n and p are independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; provided that at least one of q and r is 1, and the sum of m, n, p, q and r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and provided that when p is 0 and r is 1, the sum of m, q and n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the azetidinone is represented by the structural Formula (IV):
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide comprises a carbamoyl portion B\u2014C(O)\u2014, wherein B is a deprotonated chiral auxiliary selected from the group consisting of
wherein X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014N(alkyl)-; Y is \u2550O or \u2550S; and R12 and R13 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl arylalkyl, and alkoxycarbonyl, or wherein one of R12 or R13 is as defined above and the other is hydrogen.
5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the aryl group of R12 or R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, substituted phenyl, substituted naphthyl and substituted benzyl, wherein the substituents on the phenyl or naphthyl are 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl and benzyl.
6. The process according claim to 4, wherein the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide comprises a carbamoyl portion B\u2014C(O)\u2014, where B is (R14)(R15)N\u2014, and R14 and R15 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl.
7. The process according to claim 4, wherein the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide is represented by Formula (II):
wherein B is as defined in claim 4,
X\u2032, Y\u2032 and Z can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH(alkyl)- and \u2014C(alkyl)2-;
Q1 and Q2 can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of H, \u2014(C0-C30 alkylene)-G, \u2014OR6, \u2014OC(O)R6, \u2014OC(O)OR9, and \u2014OC(O)NR6R7;
Q3, Q4, and Q5 can be the same or different and each is independently 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of acyl, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylsulfonyl alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkynyl, \u2014(C0-C30 alkylene)-G, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OR6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)R6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)OR6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)R6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)OR9, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014C(O)R6, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014C(O)OR6, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014C(O)OR6, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014C(O)R6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-OR6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)R6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)OR6, \u2014CN, \u2014C(\u2550N\u2014CN)\u2014NH2, \u2014C(\u2550NH)\u2014NHR10, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014O\u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6NR7C(O)OR6, \u2014O\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)(aryl)-N\u2014N\u2550N\u2212, \u2014OC(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)OR6, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)NR6R7, \u2014NO2, \u2014(C0-C10 alkylene)-NR6R7, \u2014O\u2014(C2-C10 alkylene)-NR6R7, \u2014NR6C(O)R7, \u2014NR6C(O)OR9, \u2014NR6C(O)NR7R8, \u2014NR6S(O)0-2R9, \u2014N(S(O)0-2R9)2, \u2014CHNOR6, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014C(O)NR6NR6R7, \u2014S(O)0-2NR6R7, \u2014S(O)0-2R9, \u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014OC(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-NR6C(O)O-(alkylaryl), \u2014P(O)(OR10)2, \u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-OSi(alkyl)3, \u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3, halo, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkoxyarylalkoxy, alkoxyiminoalkyl, alkyldioyl, allyl, allyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, aroyl, aroyloxy, arylsulfonyl, aroylaroyloxy, aroyl, aryl alkoxycarbonyl, benzoylbenzoyloxy, carboxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, dioxolanyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonylalkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, and alkylsulfonyl;
wherein optionally one or more carbon atoms of the \u2014(C0-C30 alkylene)- radical of Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 and Q5 is independently replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014N(alkyl)-, \u2014N(alkylaryl)- or \u2014NH\u2014;
G is selected from the group consisting of a sugar residue, disugar residue, trisugar residue, tetrasugar residue, sugar acid, amino sugar, amino acid residue, oligopeptide residue comprising 2 to 9 amino acids, trialkylammoniumalkyl radical and \u2014S(O)2\u2014OH,
R2 and R3 can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and aryl;
R6, R7 and R8 can be the same or different and each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and a protecting group; and
each R9 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or arylalkyl.
each R10 is independently H or alkyl;
q is 0 or 1;
r is 0 or 1;
m, n and p are independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; provided that at least one of q and r is 1, and the sum of m, n, p, q and r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and provided that when p is 0 and r is 1, the sum of m, q and n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide is represented by Formula (III):
9. The process according claim 1, wherein the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)acid ester comprises a carboxylic acid ester portion R14\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014, wherein R14 is alkyl or aryl.
10. The process according claim 1, wherein the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)thiolcarbonic acid ester comprises a thiolcarbonic acid ester portion R14\u2014S\u2014C(O)\u2014, wherein R14 is alkyl or aryl.
11. The process according claim 1, wherein the silylating agent is a silylenol ether.
12. The process according claim 11, wherein the silylating agent is selected from the group consisting of bistrimethylsilylacetamide, N-methyl-O-trimethyl silylacetamide or isopropenyloxy trimethylsilane.
13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal carboxylate is a carboxylate salt of an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium and cesium.
14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal carboxylate or quaternary ammonium carboxylate comprises a carboxylate moiety selected from the group consisting of formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, caproate, caprylate, laurate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, cyclohexanecarboxylate, phenylacetate, benzoate and toluate.
15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the carboxylate moiety of the alkali metal carboxylate is acetate.
16. The process according to claim 14, wherein the alkali metal carboxylate is potassium acetate.
17. The process according to claim 14, wherein the carboxylate moiety of the quaternary ammonium carboxylate is acetate.
18. The process according to claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium moiety of the cyclizing agent is tetra n-butylammonium.
19. The process according to claim 14, wherein the quaternary ammonium carboxylate is tetra n-butylammonium acetate.
20. The process according to claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium hydroxide is tetra n-butylammonium hydroxide.
21. The process according to claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium halide comprises a halide moiety selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide.
22. The process according to claim 1, wherein the cyclizing agent is the reaction product of tetra n-butylammonium bromide and potassium acetate.
23. The process according to claim 1, wherein the cyclizing agent is the reaction product of tetra n-butylammonium bromide and cesium fluoride.
24. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction product (3)(b) is formed in situ in the presence of reactants (1) and (2).
25. The process according to claim 1, further comprising the step of forming the reaction product (3)(b) prior to reaction with reactants (1) and (2).
26. The process according to claim 1, wherein the silylating agent is bistrimethylsilylacetamide and the cyclizing agent is tetra n-butylammonium acetate.
27. The process according to claim 1, further comprising adding a second cyclizing agent which is a fluoride ion catalyst.
28. The process according to claim 1, comprising pre-reacting reactant (1) with reactant (2).
29. The process according to claim 1, for preparing an azetidinone represented by the structural Formula (IV):
comprising reacting:
(1) a \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide of the formula (III)
with (2) at least one silylating agent and
(3) at least one cyclizing agent which is
(a) selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carboxylates, quaternary ammonium carboxylates, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, quaternary ammonium alkoxides, quaternary ammonium aryloxides and hydrates thereof; or
(b) the reaction product of:
(i) at least one quaternary ammonium halide and at least one alkali metal carboxylate; or
(ii) at least one quaternary ammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium bromide, or quaternary ammonium iodide and at least one alkali metal fluoride,

wherein a quaternary ammonium moiety of the cyclizing agent is unsubstituted or substituted by one to four groups independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, arylalkyl and arylalkyl-alkyl.
30. A process for preparing a compound represented by the Formula (IV):
comprising the step of:
cyclizing the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide of formula XII
wherein X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl); Y is \u2550O or \u2550S; and R1 is alkyl, aryl or alkoxycarbonyl, and wherein Prot is a silyl protecting group with at least one silylating agent and at least one cyclizing agent which is:
(a) selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carboxylates, quaternary ammonium carboxylates, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, quaternary ammonium alkoxides, quaternary ammonium aryloxides and hydrates thereof; or
(b) the reaction product of:
(i) at least one quaternary ammonium halide and at least one alkali metal carboxylate; or
(ii) at least one quaternary ammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium bromide, or quaternary ammonium iodide and at least one alkali metal fluoride,

wherein a quaternary ammonium moiety of the cyclizing agent is unsubstituted or substituted by one to four groups independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, arylalkyl and arylalkyl-alkyl,

to obtain the compound of Formula XI:
and removing the silyl protecting groups to form the compound of Formula (IV).
31. The process according to claim 30, further comprising the steps of:
reacting a chiral alcohol of Formula VIII, an imine of Formula IX and a silyl protecting agent, then condensing the silyl-protected compounds to obtain a \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide of Formula XII, wherein X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl); Y is \u2550O or \u2550S; and R1 is alkyl, aryl or alkoxycarbonyl, and wherein Prot is a silyl protecting group:
prior to cyclizing the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide of Formula XII.
32. The process according to claim 30, further comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting p-fluorobenzoylbutyric acid of Formula V with pivaloyl chloride and acylating the product with a chiral auxiliary of Formula VI to obtain a ketone of Formula VII:
wherein X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl); Y is \u2550O or \u2550S; and R1 is alkyl, aryl or alkoxycarbonyl;
(b) reducing the ketone of Formula VII in the presence of a chiral catalyst to an alcohol of Formula VIII:
(c) reacting the chiral alcohol of Formula VIII, an imine of formula IX and a silyl protecting agent, then condensing the silyl-protected compounds to obtain a \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide of Formula XII, wherein Prot is a silyl protecting group:
prior to cyclizing the \u03b2-(substituted-amino)amide of Formula XII.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A light-stimulus illumination apparatus comprising:
a light source configured to emit light-stimulus laser light;
a scanning unit including a first acousto-optic device configured to scan the light-stimulus laser light emitted from the light source in a first direction intersecting an optical axis, and a second acousto-optic device configured to scan the light-stimulus laser light emitted from the light source in a second direction intersecting the optical axis and orthogonal to the first direction; and
a control unit configured to control the scanning unit so that the light-stimulus laser light irradiates a plurality of spatially separated regions including a first region and a second region in a time-division manner,
wherein the control unit is configured to control the scanning unit to scan the light-stimulus laser light in the second region right after finishing scanning the light-stimulus laser light in the first region by switching a frequency of each command signal input to the first and second acousto-optic devices discontinuously from a frequency corresponding to a scanning end point of the first region to a frequency corresponding to a scanning starting point of the second region so that the light-stimulus laser light does not irradiate an area between the first region and the second region.
2. A light-stimulus illumination apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit adjusts the amplitudes of the command signals input to the first and second acousto-optic devices according to a scanning position of the light-stimulus laser light scanned by the scanning unit.
3. A light-stimulus illumination apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a focal-position adjusting unit configured to change a focal position of the light-stimulus laser light in a direction of the optical axis, wherein the control unit controls the focal-position adjusting unit in synchronization with the scanning unit.
4. A light-stimulus illumination apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the light-stimulus laser light is ultrashort pulsed laser light.
5. A light-stimulus illumination apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising a light detector configured to detect fluorescence due to multiphoton excitation produced by irradiation with the light-stimulus laser light, without the fluorescence returning to the scanning unit.
6. A microscope apparatus comprising the light-stimulus illumination apparatus according to claim 1.
7. A laser-scanning microscope apparatus comprising:
a light-stimulus illumination apparatus according to claim 1; and
a laser-scanning microscope comprising:
an observation light source configured to emit observation laser light;
an observation scanning unit configured to two-dimensionally scan the observation laser light on a specimen;
an objective lens configured to converge the observation laser light on the specimen and to collect observation light emitted from the specimen by irradiation with the observation laser light;
a detection unit configured to detect the observation light collected by the objective lens; and
an image-generating unit configured to generate an observation image of the specimen based on a detection signal from the detection unit,

wherein the light-stimulus laser light irradiates the specimen via the objective lens of the laser-scanning microscope.
8. A laser-scanning microscope apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising:
a combining unit, between the observation scanning unit and the objective lens, configured to combine the light-stimulus laser light from the light-stimulus illumination apparatus,
wherein the light-stimulus laser light scanned by the scanning unit of the light-stimulus illumination apparatus is guided to the combining unit.

1. A computed tomography apparatus for imaging an object, the computed tomography apparatus comprising:
an imaging region for receiving the object to be imaged,
a radiation source for generating modulated radiation traversing the object in the imaging region,
a detector for generating detection values depending on the radiation after having traversed the object,
a moving unit for moving the radiation source and the object relative to each other, while generating the detection values, for generating detection values depending on radiation having traversed the object in different directions,
a weight providing unit for providing modulation weights for weighting the detection values depending on the modulation of the radiation,
a reconstruction unit for reconstructing an image of the object, wherein the reconstruction unit is adapted to weight the detection values based on the provided modulation weights and to reconstruct the image of the object from the weighted detection values.
2. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the computed tomography apparatus comprises an object table on which the object is to be located, wherein the moving unit is adapted to rotate the radiation source around the object table and wherein the radiation source is adapted such that the intensity of the radiation is lower above the object table than below the object table.
3. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the weight providing unit is adapted to determine a noise variance of a detection value and to provide the modulation weight for the detection value depending on the inverse noise variance.
4. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the radiation source is adapted to modulate the intensity of the generated radiation, wherein the weight providing unit is adapted to determine a modulation weight for a detection value depending on the modulated intensity of the generated radiation.
5. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the radiation source is adapted to generate the modulated radiation such that the modulated radiation is conical and wherein the weight providing unit is further adapted to provide coneweights for weighting the detection values depending on a cone angle of the radiation on which the respective detection values depend.
6. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the radiation source is adapted to generate the modulated radiation such that the modulated radiation is divergent, wherein the computed tomography apparatus further comprises a rebinning unit for rebinning the detection values being generated depending on the divergent radiation thereby forming rebinned projections, wherein the weight providing unit is adapted to:
determine intermediate modulation weights for at least a part of the detection values of a rebinned projection, wherein the intermediate modulation weights depend on the modulation of the radiation,
determine for the rebinned projection a mean modulation weight being an average of the intermediate modulation weights for the at least a part of the rebinned detection values of the rebinned projection, wherein the mean modulation weight is the provided modulation weight for the detection values of the rebinned projection.
7. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 6, wherein the moving unit is adapted to rotate the radiation source and the imaging region relative to each other around a rotational axis, while generating the detection values, wherein the at least a part of the rebinned detection values of the rebinned projection are rebinned detection values arranged along a line being perpendicular to the rotational axis.
8. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 6, wherein the computed tomography apparatus further comprises a region of interest selection unit for selecting a region of interest to be reconstructed, wherein the at least a part of the rebinned detection values is a part of the rebinned detection values which has been generated depending on radiation having traversed the selected region of interest.
9. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 6, wherein the weight providing unit is further adapted to determine the mean modulation weight by weightedly averaging the intermediate modulation weights for the at least a part of the rebinned detection values, wherein the intermediate modulation weights are weighted during averaging such that intermediate modulation weights of rebinned detection values which depend on radiation having traversed the region of interest more centrally receive a larger weight than intermediate modulation weights of rebinned detection values which depend on radiation having traversed the region of interest more peripherally.
10. The computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 8, wherein the weight providing unit is further adapted to determine the mean modulation weight by weightedly averaging the intermediate modulation weights of the at least a part of the rebinned detection values, wherein the intermediate modulation weights are weighted during averaging depending on the size of an intersection region of the region of interest and the radiation on which the respective rebinned detection value depends.
11. An imaging apparatus for generating an image of an object, the imaging apparatus being adapted to process detection values generated by an acquisition unit comprising:
an imaging region for receiving the object to be imaged,
a radiation source for generating modulated radiation traversing the object in the imaging region,
a detector for generating detection values depending on the radiation after having traversed the object,
a moving unit for moving the radiation source and the object relative to each other, while generating the detection values, for generating detection values depending on radiation having traversed the object in different directions, wherein the imaging apparatus comprises:
a weight providing unit for providing modulation weights for weighting the detection values depending on the modulation of the radiation,
a reconstruction unit for reconstructing an image of the object, wherein the reconstruction unit is adapted to weight the detection values based on the provided modulation weights and to reconstruct the image of the object from the weighted detection values.
12. A computed tomography method for imaging an object, the computed tomography method comprising following steps:
generating modulated radiation traversing an object in an imaging region by a radiation source,
generating detection values depending on the radiation after having traversed the object by a detector,
moving the radiation source and the object relative to each other, while generating the detection values, for generating detection values depending on radiation having traversed the object in different directions by a moving unit,
providing weights for the detection values depending on the modulation of the radiation by a weight providing unit,
weighting the detection values based on the provided modulation weights by a reconstruction unit,
reconstructing an image of the object from the weight detection values by the reconstruction unit.
13. An imaging method for generating an image of an object, the imaging method being adapted to process detection values generated by an acquisition unit comprising:
an imaging region for receiving the object to be imaged,
a radiation source for generating modulated radiation traversing the object in the imaging region,
a detector for generating detection values depending on the radiation after having traversed the object,
a moving unit for moving the radiation source and the object relative to each other, while generating the detection values, for generating detection values depending on radiation having traversed the object in different directions, wherein the imaging method comprises following steps:
providing weights for the detection values depending on the modulation of the radiation by a weight providing unit,
weighting the detection values based on the provided modulation weights by a reconstruction unit,
reconstructing an image of the object from the weight detection values by the reconstruction unit.
14. A computed tomography computer program, the computed tomography computer program comprising program code means for causing a computed tomography apparatus as defined in claim 1 to carry out the steps of the computed tomography method, when the computed tomography computer program is run on a computer controlling the computed tomography apparatus.
15. An imaging computer program, the imaging computer program comprising program code means for causing an imaging apparatus as defined in claim 11 to carry out the steps of the imaging method, when the imaging computer program is run on a computer controlling the imaging apparatus.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for determining whether a compound of unknown integrin activity is a competitive ligand of an integrin molecule comprising exposing said integrin molecule to a compound of unknown integrin activity detection of the integrin ligand binding affinity of a compound of unknown integrin activity, allowing a sufficient time for said compound to bind to said integrin and expose at least one ligand induced epitope if said compound is a ligand of said integrin; exposing said integrin molecule to an antibody comprising a reporter which is specific for said ligand induced epitope and determining whether said compound is a ligand of said integrin by measuring the concentration of antibody bound to said integrin and comparing it to at least one control measurement.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said control measurement is a measurement of the specific binding of said antibody to said integrin in the presence of a known integrin ligand.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said control measurement is a measure of the non-specific binding of said antibody to said integrin in the absence of ligand.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said integrin is expressed on a wild-type cell.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said integrin is expressed on an engineered cell.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein said cell expresses more than one integrin.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein said integrin is expressed on a cell selected from the group consisting of human peripheral blood granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and human platelet cells.
8. The method according to claim 1 wherein said integrin is expressed on a cell selected from the group consisting of U937 cells, MOLT-4 cells, Jurkat cells, THP-1 cells, HL-60 cells, JY cells and MEG-01 cells.
9. The method according to any of claim 1 wherein said integrin is Beta1 integrin (CD29), Beta2 integrin (CD18), AlphaM integrin (CD11b), Beta2 integrin (CD11a), Beta3 integrin (CD61), gpilla (a common subunit for alphaIIb and alphaV integrins), AlphaIIb beta3 integrin, CD41CD61, glycoprotein.IIbIIa (gpIIbIIa) or \u03b14\u03b21 integrin (CD49dCD29).
10. The method according to claim 1 wherein said integrin is \u03b14\u03b21 integrin (CD49dCD29).
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb).
12. The method according to claim 11 wherein said mAb is selected from the group consisting of B44, HUTS-4, HUTS-21, AG89, 9EG7, MEM-148, MEM-48, KIM185, 127, CBRM15, MEM-83; CRC54 and PAC-1.
13. The method according to claim 1 wherein said integrin is said integrin is \u03b14\u03b21 integrin (CD49dCD29) and said antibody is monoclonal antibody HUTS-21 comprising a fluorophore reporter.
14. The method according to claim 1 wherein said reporter is a fluorophore.
15. The method according to claim 14 wherein said fluorophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescein, isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, ophthaldehyde label, fluorescamine, tetramethylrhodamine, dipyrrometheneboron difluoride dyes (available from Molecular Probes, Inc, among others), near infrared dyes and lanthanide chelates.
16. The method according to claim 14 wherein said fluorophore is fluorescein or phycoerythrin.
17. The method according to claim 16 wherein said fluorophore is phycoerythrin.
18. The method according to claim 2 wherein said method is adapted for use in flow cytometry.
19. The method according to claim 2 wherein said known ligand is selected from any of compounds set forth in FIG. 1 or an enantiomer thereof.
20. The method according to claim 1 wherein said method is adapted for use in high throughput flow cytometry.
21. The method according to claim 1 wherein said compound, identified as a competitive ligand, is subjected to a further assay to determine whether the compound is an agonist or antagonist of integrin.
22. A method for determining whether or not a compound of unknown integrin activity is an allosteric inhibitor of an integrin molecule comprising exposing said integrin molecule to a known competitive ligand of said integrin molecule in the presence of a integrin-epitope binding antibody comprising a reporter moiety, measuring the binding of said antibody to the integrin molecule in the presence of the competitive ligand; thereafter exposing said bound integrin molecule in the presence of known competitive ligand and bound antibody to a compound of unknown activity and measuring the binding of the antibody to the integrin molecule, wherein the decrease in binding of antibody to integrin is evidence that the compound of unknown activity is an allosteric inhibitor of integrin.
23. The method according to claim 22 wherein the decrease in binding of antibody to integrin is compared to a control wherein the control is a measurement of the non-specific binding of the antibody to the integrin molecule.
24. (canceled)
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41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to the chemical structure:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or enantiomer thereof, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
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47. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the chemical structure I:
Where
R1 is C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl group; and
R2 is an optionally substituted cyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon or an optionally substituted 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring or fused bicyclic ring system, or
a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer, solvate or polymorph thereof, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
48. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 47 wherein said compound has the chemical structure:
49. The composition according to claim 47 wherein R2 is an adamantly group.
50-56. (canceled)