All The Claims

1. A transistor comprising:
a base layer comprising:
a first doping layer that is doped with a trivalent substance;
a second doping layer adjacent to the first doping layer and having a lower concentration of the trivalent substance than the first doping layer; and
a third doping layer adjacent to the second doping layer and having a higher concentration of the trivalent substance than the second doping layer;
wherein the first doping layer and the second doping layer are counter-doped with a pentavalent substance from an emitter region of the transistor; and
wherein the base layer comprises carbon atoms having a concentration greater than 1\xd71018 cm\u22123.
2. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the second doping layer and the third doping layer are doped with germanium.
3. The transistor of claim 2, wherein a concentration of germanium in the second doping layer and the third doping layer decreases from a high point at a collector region of the transmitter to a low point in the second layer.
4. The transistor of claim 2, wherein a decrease in the concentration of germanium from the high point to the low point is substantially constant.
5. A transistor comprising:
an emitter region;
a collector; and
a base layer having a base contact, the base layer comprising:
an intrinsic region between the emitter region and the collector;
an extrinsic region between the intrinsic region and the base contact;
a first doping layer that is doped with a trivalent substance, and that extends into the extrinsic region;
a second doping layer that is doped with a trivalent substance, and that is between the first doping layer and the collector, the first and second doping layers being counter-doped with a pentavalent substance from the emitter region; and
a third doping layer that is doped with a trivalent substance, and that is between the second doping layer and the collector;

wherein the base layer comprises carbon atoms having a concentration greater than 1\xd71018 cm\u22123; and
wherein a concentration of trivalent substance in the second doping layer is less than a concentration of trivalent substance in the first doping layer, and the concentration of trivalent substance in the second doping layer is less than a concentration of trivalent substance in the third doping layer.
6. The transistor of claim 5, wherein the trivalent substance comprises boron.
7. The transistor of claim 5, wherein the first doping layer comprises at least 30% of a total amount of a doping substance in the base layer.
8. The transistor of claim 6, wherein the first doping layer comprises at least 30% of a total amount of a doping substance in the base layer.
9. The transistor of claim 5, wherein the second doping layer and the third doping layer are doped with germanium.
10. The transistor of claim 9, wherein:
a concentration of germanium in the second doping layer and the third doping layer decreases from a high point at the collector to a low point in the second layer; and
a decrease in the concentration of germanium from the high point to the low point is substantially constant.
11. The transistor of claim 9, wherein the trivalent substance comprises boron.
12. The transistor of claim 9, wherein the pentavalent substance comprises arsenic having a concentration of between 1\xd71020 cm\u22123 and 1\xd71021 cm\u22123.
13. A transistor comprising:
an emitter region;
a collector; and
a base layer having a base contact, the base layer comprising:
an intrinsic region between the emitter region and the collector;
an extrinsic region between the intrinsic region and the base contact;

a first doping layer that is doped with a trivalent substance, that extends into the extrinsic region, and that is counter-doped with a pentavalent substance from the emitter region, wherein the first doping layer comprises a concentration of the trivalent substance that is between 1\xd71018 cm\u22123 and 5\xd71020 cm\u22123;
a second doping layer that is doped with the trivalent substance, that extends into the extrinsic region, and that is counter-doped, at least part-way through, with a pentavalent substance from the emitter region, wherein the second doping layer comprises a concentration of the pentavalent substance that is between 1\xd71020 cm\u22123 and 1\xd71021 cm\u22123, wherein the second doping layer comprises a concentration of the trivalent substance that is between 1\xd71018 cm\u22123 and 1\xd71019 cm\u22123; and
a third doping layer that is doped with the trivalent substance, the third doping layer being adjacent to the collector, wherein the third doping layer comprises a concentration of the dopant that is between 5\xd71018 cm\u22123 and 1\xd71020;
wherein the second doping layer is between the first doping layer and the third doping layer, and wherein the second doping layer has a lower concentration of the trivalent substance than both the first doping layer and the third doping layer;
wherein the first doping layer, the second doping layer, and the third doping layer are separated from the emitter region by a portion of the base layer; and
wherein the base layer comprises carbon atoms having a concentration greater than 1\xd71018 cm\u22123.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A compound represented by the formula I:
(wherein, R2 and R3, each independently, represent lower alkoxy groups; R5 represents a benzyl group or a tert-butyl group; and Ar represents a monocyclic or bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl group optionally having substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl group(s), lower alkoxy group(s), halogen atom(s), halogenated lower alkyl group(s), hydroxyl group(s), carboxyl group(s), lower alkoxy carbonyl group(s), nitro group(s), amino group(s), lower alkylamino group(s), cyano group(s) and methylenedioxy group(s)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1 wherein Ar is a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a quinolyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, an indolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group or a benzimidazolyl group, each of these groups optionally having substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl group(s), lower alkoxy group(s), halogen atom(s), halogenated lower alkyl group(s), hydroxyl group(s), carboxyl group(s), lower alkoxycarbonyl group(s), nitro group(s), amino group(s), lower alkylamino group(s), cyano group(s) and methylenedioxy group(s).
3. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 2 wherein Ar is a phenyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a quinolyl group, a quinazolinyl group, an isoquinolyl group or a pyrazinyl group, each of these groups optionally having substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl group(s), lower alkoxy group(s), halogen atom(s), halogenated lower alkyl group(s), hydroxyl group(s), carboxyl group(s), lower alkoxycarbonyl group(s), nitro group(s), amino group(s), lower alkylamino group(s), cyano group(s) and methylenedioxy group(s).
4. The compound according to claim 2 wherein Ar is a phenyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, a thiazolyl group, pyridinyl group, a quinolyl group or a pyrrolyl group, each of these groups optionally having substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl group(s), lower alkoxy group(s), halogen atom(s), halogenated lower alkyl group(s), hydroxyl group(s), carboxyl group(s), lower alkoxycarbonyl group(s), intro group(s), amino group(s), lower alkylamino group(s), cyano group(s) and methylenedioxy group(s).
5. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 2 wherein R2 and R3 are methoxy groups.
6. A pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to one of claims 1 to 5 as an active ingredient, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

1. An internal bone fixation device comprising:
a balloon portion releasably engaging a distal end of a delivery catheter, wherein an inner lumen of the delivery catheter connects to the balloon portion to guide light energy from a light source into the balloon portion;
at least one reinforcing material curable by the light energy emitted from the light source; and
one or more radiopaque markers positioned on the balloon portion,
wherein the balloon portion is configured to move from a deflated state to an inflated state when the at least one reinforcing material is added into the balloon portion, and
wherein the balloon portion is configured for placement into an inner cavity of a bone.
2. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 wherein the light source includes a light pipe for emitting energy into the balloon portion.
3. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 further comprising a light pipe to deliver the light energy into the balloon portion to minimize thermal egress of the light energy from the balloon portion to supporting tissue.
4. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 wherein the balloon portion is constructed from a polymer material.
5. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 wherein the inner lumen of the delivery catheter directly connects to the balloon portion.
6. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 for use in repairing the bone fractured into at least two bone fragments.
7. The internal bone fixation device of claim 6 wherein the balloon portion resides within an inner cavity of the at least two bone fragments and provides support to the at least two bone fragments to promote healing.
8. The internal bone fixation device of claim 7 wherein the balloon portion conforms to at least a portion of a wall of the inner cavity of the at least two bone fragments when in the inflated state.
9. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 further comprising a separation area positioned at a junction between the balloon portion and the delivery catheter.
10. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 further comprising a stress concentrator located between the balloon portion and the delivery catheter to separate the balloon portion from the delivery catheter.
11. A system for internal fixation of a fractured bone comprising:
a light cure adhesive;
a light pipe;
a delivery catheter having an elongated shaft with a distal end and a proximal end, the delivery catheter having an inner void for passage of the light cure adhesive and an inner lumen for passage of the light pipe; and
a balloon portion releasably engaging the distal end of the delivery catheter, and the balloon portion having a textured outer surface,
wherein the balloon portion expands from a deflated state to an inflated state when the light cure adhesive is delivered through the inner void of the delivery catheter into the balloon portion, and
wherein the inner lumen of the delivery catheter connects to the balloon portion to guide the light energy into the balloon portion to harden the light cure adhesive within the balloon portion.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein the light pipe delivers the light energy into the balloon portion to minimize thermal egress of the light energy from the balloon portion to supporting tissue.
13. The system of claim 11 wherein the inner lumen of the delivery catheter directly connects to the balloon portion.
14. The system of claim 11 for use in repairing a bone fractured into at least two bone fragments.
15. The system of claim 11 wherein the balloon portion resides within an inner cavity of at least two bone fragments when the balloon portion is used in repairing a fractured bone.
16. The system of claim 11 wherein the balloon portion is configured to contact a wall of an inner cavity of at least two bone fragments when the balloon portion is used in repairing a fractured bone.
17. The system of claim 11 wherein an ultraviolet light cures the light cure adhesive.
18. The system of claim 11 wherein a visible light cures the light cure adhesive.
19. The system of claim 11 further comprising an imaging device for monitoring expansion of the balloon portion.
20. The system of claim 11 further comprising one or more radiopaque markers positioned on the balloon portion.
21. The system of claim 20 wherein the one or more radiopaque markers on the balloon portion provide a visibility of the balloon portion while using an imaging device to determine a position of the balloon portion during placement and expansion of the balloon portion in a fractured bone.
22. The system of claim 11 further comprising a plurality of ridges extending from the textured outer surface of the balloon portion to conform the balloon portion to a shape of a bone cavity.
23. The system of claim 11 wherein the textured outer surface of the balloon portion interacts with bone fragments for adhesion between the bone fragments and the textured outer surface to promote the formation of new bone onto the textured outer surface.
24. A method for internal fixation of a fractured bone comprising:
positioning a balloon portion releasably engaging a delivery catheter within an inner cavity of a fractured bone, wherein the delivery catheter has an inner void for passage of a light cure adhesive to the balloon portion and an inner lumen for passage of a light pipe to the balloon portion;
expanding the balloon portion by infusion of the light cure adhesive into the inner void of the delivery catheter and into the balloon portion;
inserting the light pipe into the inner lumen of the delivery catheter and towards the balloon portion, wherein the inner lumen connects to the balloon portion to guide the light from the light pipe into the balloon portion to cure the light cure adhesive within the balloon portion; and
delivering light energy through the light pipe to cure the light cure adhesive.
25. The method of claim 24 further comprising delivering the light energy from the light pipe into the balloon portion to minimize thermal egress of the light energy from the balloon portion to supporting tissue.
26. The method of claim 24 further comprising determining a position of the balloon portion and an expansion of the balloon portion within the inner cavity of the fractured bone by monitoring one or more radiopaque markers on the balloon portion.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method implemented in a node of a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) network for improved load distribution, wherein the node is one of a plurality of nodes in the MPLS network each of whish implement a common algorithm tie-breaking process to produce minimum cost shortest path trees, the node includes a topology database to store a topology of the MPLS network, wherein the topology of the MPLS network includes a plurality of nodes and links between the nodes, the method comprising the steps of:
determining a first set of one or more shortest paths between each MPLS node pair in the MPLS network by executing a shortest path search algorithm on the topology of the MPLS network stored in the topology database;
selecting at least a first shortest path from the first set of shortest paths for each MPLS node pair, by applying the common algorithm tie-breaking process;
calculating a link utilization value for each link of the MPLS network based on the count of shortest paths selected that transit each link;
determining a second set of one or more shortest paths between each MPLS node pair in the MPLS network by executing the shortest path search algorithm on the topology of the MPLS network stored in the topology database;
generating a path utilization value for each shortest path in the second set of one or more shortest paths based on link utilization values corresponding to each shortest path;
selecting a second shortest path from the second set of one or more shortest path on the basis of said path utilization value, wherein the selecting utilizes the common algorithm tie-breaking process when multiple shortest paths having equal path utilization values are present in the set of one or more shortest paths; and
storing at least the first shortest path and the second paths for each MPLS node pair in a label information database, wherein the label information database indicates where to forward traffic incoming to the MPLS node,
whereby the selection of the second subsets in light of path utilization minimizes the standard deviation of load distribution across the entire MPLS network.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of generating said path utilization value comprises:
summing link utilization values corresponding to each path, or
lexicographically sorting the link utilization values corresponding to each path.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
receiving a link modification factor from an administrator; and
combining the link modification factor with the link utilization value to weight a corresponding one of the links and paths to decrease usage of the link by decreasing a likelihood of selection by affecting the ranking of the set of lowest loaded path.
4. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
ranking each shortest path in the second set of shortest paths based on corresponding path utilization values,
wherein said step of selecting at least the second shortest path further comprises:
selecting from the ranking a highest and lowest ranked shortest path.
5. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
iteratively selecting additional shortest paths to share load distribution with the first shortest path and second shortest path until an administered number of paths reflecting a network operators desire for overall improvement for the Ethernet network is met.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the sets of shortest paths between MPLS node pairs re implemented as label switched paths within the MPLS network.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
generating a label mapping message;
defining a FEC type-tenth-value (TLV) field in the label mapping message;
defining a label TLV field in the label mapping message;
defining a topology index for the label mapping message, wherein the topology index indicates an iteration in the steps of selecting the first subset and second subset; and
sending the label mapping message to each label distribution protocol peer in the MPLS network.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein label mapping messages are sent to each LDP peer for each combination of FEC and topology-index values.
9. A network element for improved load distribution in a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) network that includes the network element, wherein the network element is one of a plurality of nodes in the MPLS network, wherein a topology of the MPLS network includes a plurality of nodes and links between the nodes, the network element comprising:
a topology database to store link information for each link in the MPLS network;
a label information database to store label information for each port of the network element, wherein the label information database indicates where to forward each forwarding equivalency class (FEC) incoming to the network clement;
a control processor coupled to the topology database and the label information database, the network processor configured to process data traffic, wherein the network processor comprises:
an MPLS management module configured to forward data traffic over label switch paths (LSPs);
a label distribution protocol (LDP) module configured to establish LSPs in the MPLS network;
a shortest path search module configured to determine at least one shortest path between each MPLS node pair in the MPLS network by executing a shortest path search algorithm on the topology database, wherein the shortest path search module is configured to send, for each of the MPLS node pairs with a plurality of equal cost shortest paths, the equal costs shortest paths to a load distribution module;
a sorting module configured to rank each of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths based on a path utilization value derived from link utilization values associated with each path in the plurality of equal cost shortest paths; and
the load distribution module configured to select, from the plurality of equal cost shortest paths received, a first subset of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths for that MPLS node pair to be used to share data traffic load between the MPLS node pair and to select, based on the path utilization value, a second subset from the plurality of equal cost shortest paths for that MPLS node pair to be used to share data traffic load with the first subset for that Ethernet Bridge pair,
whereby the selection of the second subset in light of the path utilization value minimizes the standard deviation of load distribution across the entire MPLS network.
10. The network element of claim 9, wherein the sorting module is further configured to sort the link utilization values lexicographically to create a ranking of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths.
11. The network element of claim 9, wherein the shortest path search module is further configured to calculate the link utilization value for each link in the topology.
12. The network element of claim 9, wherein the control processor is further configured to generate label switch paths (LSPs) to implement each selected shortest paths between node pairs within the MPLS network.
13. The network element of claim 9, wherein the load distribution module is further configured to receive a link modification factor from an administrator and combine the link modification factor with the link usage value to weight a corresponding link in a path to decrease usage of the link by decreasing a likelihood of selection by affecting the lexicographical sorting of that path.
14. The network element of claim 9, wherein the load distribution module is further configured to select the first subset from each of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths by selecting a highest and lowest item in the first ranking of equal cost shortest paths.
15. The network element of claim 9, wherein the load distribution module is further configured to select the second subset from each the plurality equal cost shortest paths by selecting a highest and lowest item by applying a common algorithm tie-breaking process to the equal cost shortest paths having a lowest load.
16. The network element of claim 9, wherein the sorting module and load distribution module are further configured to iteratively select additional subsets to share load distribution with the first subset and second subset.
17. The network element of claim 9, wherein the LDP module is further configured to generate a label mapping message including an FEC type length-value (TLV) field in the label mapping message, a label TLV field in the label mapping message, a topology index for the label mapping message, wherein the topology index indicates an iteration in the steps of selecting the first subset and second subset and is further configured to send the label mapping message to each label distribution protocol peer in the MPLS network.
18. The network element of claim 17, wherein the LDP module is further configured to send label mapping messages to each LDP peer for each combination of FEC and topology index.