All The Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A liquid crystal display having first and second substrates each of which has an opposing surface with an electrode for driving liquid crystal and an alignment film of the liquid crystal, and the liquid crystal disposed between the first and second substrates,
wherein the alignment film is a vertical alignment film for controlling the liquid crystal in the vertical alignment, the liquid crystal has negative dielectric constant anisotropy, initial direction of the liquid crystal is substantially in the normal direction of the substrates, and the first andor the second substrate have a planarization surface at the liquid crystal side.
2. A liquid crystal display that includes first and second substrates facing each other, liquid crystal disposed between the first and second substrates, and a polarizing film provided to the outer surface of the first andor the second substrates, so that the liquid crystal modulates polarized light that passed through the polarizing film for display, the liquid crystal display comprising:
a plurality of thin film transistors disposed in matrix on the surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate and electrode wires thereof;
an insulating film having a planarization surface for covering the thin film transistors and the electrode wires thereof;
a pixel electrode is formed on the insulating film and connected to the thin film transistor via a opening formed in the insulating film, for driving the liquid crystal;
a vertical alignment film formed on the pixel electrodes;
a common electrode for driving the liquid crystal formed on the surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate;
an alignment control window that is electrode-free portion formed in the area of the common electrode facing the pixel electrode; and
a vertical alignment film formed on the common electrode, wherein the liquid crystal has negative dielectric constant anisotropy, and initial direction of the liquid crystal is within one degree from the normal direction of the substrates.
3. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 2, wherein the thin film transistor uses polycrystal semiconductor layer as an activating layer.
4. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 2, wherein the surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate is provided with a color filter layer, and the common electrode is formed on the color filter layer.
5. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 4, wherein the color filter layer is covered by a protecting film and the common electrode is formed on the protecting layer.
6. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 4, wherein the thin film transistor uses polycrystal semiconductor layer as an activating layer.
7. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vertical alignment film is not processed by rubbing treatment.
8. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 2, wherein the vertical alignment film is not processed by rubbing treatment.
9. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 2, wherein the second substrate is transparent in the region corresponding to the pixel electrode and in the region corresponding to the gap between the pixel electrodes, and at least a part of the region corresponding to the gap between the pixel electrodes shielded from light by the liquid crystal and the polarizing film.
10. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 7, wherein the second substrate is transparent in the region corresponding to the pixel electrode and in the region corresponding to the gap between the pixel electrodes, and at least a part of the region corresponding to the gap between the pixel electrodes shielded from light by the liquid crystal and the polarizing film.
11. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 2, wherein the insulating film has thickness equal to or more than one micrometer.
12. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 3, wherein the insulating film has thickness equal to or more than one micrometer.
13. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 7, wherein the insulating film has thickness equal to or more than one micrometer.
14. The liquid crystal display in accordance with claim 9, wherein the insulating film has thickness equal to or more than one micrometer.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method of treating prostatic adenoma comprising the steps of:
inserting at least a first conduit suprapubically into the bladder;
inserting at least a surgical instrument along the first conduit;
distending the bladder with an isotonic fluid;
viewing the portion of the instrument using visualisation means; and
using the surgical instrument to create at least one hole in the prostate gland, thereby to debulk the adenoma.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the instrument is an electrosurgical instrument, and the method additionally comprises the step of supplying radio frequency power to the instrument.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the isotonic fluid is electrically conducting, and the instrument comprises at least a pair of electrodes, and the method additionally comprises the step of completing a conduction path between the electrodes using the conductive fluid.
4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the visualisation means is a direct visualisation means.
5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the method additionally comprises the steps of:
inserting a second conduit suprapubically into the bladder, the first and second conduits being offset from each other;
inserting an endoscope along the second conduit; and
viewing the surgical instrument with the endoscope.
6. A method according to claim 3 wherein each hole is made in the prostate gland in the vicinity of the bladder neck.
7. A method according to claim 3 wherein the visualisation means is indirect.
8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the visualisation means is ultra sound.
9. A method according to claim 3 wherein the method additionally comprises the step of assessing the size of the prostate by obtaining a trans-rectal ultrasound image prior to the creation of a cavity.

1. A method of treatment of the human or non-human body to combat an inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease or tissue rejection, wherein said method comprises administering to said body a compound of formula I.
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are phenyl optionally substituted with hydroxy, thiol, C1-C6 alkoxy, cyano or halo and R2 is H or C1-C10 alkyl, provided that the relative weight ratio of any 3,5-pyrazoladine dione not having a 4-hydroxy group (impurity) to said compound of formula I is not more than 50 parts impunity to 50 parts formula I.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said disease is selected from Addison’s disease, Bechet’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus, haemolytic anasmia, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, pernicious anaemia, polyglandular deficiency, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, testicular failure, thrombocytopenic purpura, Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein said disease is diabetes mellitus or rheumatoid arthritis.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein Ar1 is phenyl, Ar2 is p-hydroxy phenyl, and R2 is C4H9.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said relative weight ratio of any 3,5-pyrazoladine dione not having a 4-hydroxy group to said compound of formula I is not more than 10 parts impurity to 90 parts formula I.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A medical product, comprising:
a stentless valve having a plurality of membranes free from any separate support frame, the plurality of membranes implantable in a body lumen in the absence of a stent and thereupon movable between a first position and a second position, wherein the membranes are movable in response to fluid flow through the lumen; and
an endoluminally advanceable delivery device having an expandable member upon which said stentless valve is mounted, the expandable member configured for expansion in the lumen for forcing the valve against the wall of the lumen for delivery of the valve.
2. The medical product of claim 1, wherein said membranes are configured to flex in response to fluid flow in the body lumen.
3. The medical product of claim 1, wherein said membranes are configured to invert their shape in response to fluid flow in the body lumen.
4. The medical product of claim 3, wherein said inversion in shape is relative to the radial axis of the body lumen.
5. The medical product of claim 1, wherein the membranes are formed of a polymer.
6. The medical product of claim 5, wherein the polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene.
7. The medical product of claim 5, wherein the membranes are formed of Dacron.
8. The medical product of claim 1, wherein the membranes are formed of a collagenous material.
9. The medical product of claim 1, comprising two membranes.
10. The medical product of claim 1, wherein the membranes are generally triangular in shape.
11. The medical product of claim 1, wherein the valve lacks radial expandability sufficient to anchor itself to the wall of the body lumen.
12. The medical product of claim 1, wherein the expandable member is a balloon.
13. The medical product of claim 1 also comprising one or more barbs attached to the stentless valve for embedding in a wall of the body lumen.
14. A method of treating a patient, comprising:
delivering a medical product to a body lumen, the product including a stentless valve and further a catheter having an expandable member upon which the stentless valve is mounted, the stentless valve having a plurality of membranes free from any separate support frame, the plurality of membranes implantable in the body lumen in the absence of a stent and thereupon movable between a first position and a second position, wherein the membranes are movable in response to fluid flow through the lumen;
expanding the expandable member in the body lumen so as to force the valve against a wall of the body lumen; and
removing the catheter from the body lumen such that the valve remains anchored in the body lumen in the absence of a stent.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the expandable member is a balloon.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the anchored valve includes one or more barbs extending into a wall of the body lumen.
17. A medical product, comprising:
a balloon catheter;
a stentless valve removably mounted on the balloon catheter for percutaneous introduction into a body lumen of a patient, the valve comprising one or more leaflets and lacking radial expandability sufficient to anchor itself to the wall of the body lumen; and
one or more barbs attached to the stentless valve, wherein the balloon catheter is configured to expand in the body lumen to force the stentless valve against the wall of the lumen such that the one or more barbs become embedded in the wall to anchor the valve in the body lumen in the absence of a stent.
18. A method of controlling flow in a body lumen, the method comprising:
forcing a membrane of a stentless valve against a wall of a body lumen with a balloon such that a barb attached to the membrane extends into the wall and anchors the membrane in the body lumen in the absence of a stent, wherein the anchored membrane is thereupon moveable between a first position and a second position in response to the direction of fluid flow through the lumen, wherein said membrane in said first position restricts fluid flow through the lumen in a first direction alone or in combination with one or more additional membranes, and wherein said membrane in said second position permits fluid flow through the lumen in the first direction alone or in combination with one or more additional membranes.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the membrane in said second position and a portion of the body lumen form a cup for trapping the fluid.
20. The method of claim 18, comprising forcing a plurality of membranes of a stentless valve against a wall of a body lumen with a balloon such that one or more barbs attached to the plurality of membranes extends into the wall and anchors the plurality of membranes in the body lumen in the absence of a stent, wherein the anchored membranes are thereupon movable between a first position and a second position in response to the direction of fluid flow through the lumen, wherein said membranes in said first position restrict fluid flow through the lumen in a first direction, and wherein said membranes in said second position permit fluid flow through the lumen in the first direction.
21. A method of controlling flow in a body lumen, the method comprising:
moving a membrane of a valve between a first position and a second position in response to the direction of fluid flow through the lumen, wherein the valve is percutaneously implanted in the body lumen and is free from any separate support frame, wherein said membrane in said first position restricts fluid flow through the lumen in a first direction alone or in combination with one or more additional leaflets, and wherein said membrane in said second position permits fluid flow through the lumen in the first direction alone or in combination with one or more additional leaflets.
22. A method for treating a patient comprising:
providing a percutaneously implanted valve anchored in a body lumen of the patient in the absence of a stent, the percutaneously implanted valve comprising one or more leaflets and lacking radial expandability sufficient to anchor itself to the wall of the body lumen.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the valve is anchored in the body lumen by barbs extending into the vessel wall.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein the valve lacks any separate support frame.
25. The method of claim 22, wherein the valve comprises a frame integral with said leaflets.
26. The method of claim 22, wherein said valve lacks any separate support frame and said leaflets include edge portions incorporating one or more materials or agents that increase the stiffness or resiliency of the edge portions.