All The Claims

1. A silica powder surface-treated with an epoxy compound having a plurality of epoxy groups, wherein
at least one of the epoxy groups of the epoxy compound is ring-opened and bound to the surface of the silica powder, and
at least a portion of the remaining epoxy groups of the epoxy compound are reacted and bound to an amine compound.
2. The silica powder according to claim 1, wherein the remaining epoxy groups of the epoxy compound are reacted and bound to an amine compound.
3. The silica powder according to claim 1, wherein the epoxy compound has a molecular weight ranging from 200 to 1000.
4. The silica powder according to claim 1, wherein the epoxy compound contains no metal and has a molecular weight ranging from 200 to 1000.
5. The silica powder according to claim 1, wherein the silica powder has a primary mean particle size ranging from 5 to 50 nm.
6. The silica powder according to claim 1, wherein the amine compound is aliphatic and contains at least one nitrogen atom.
7. The silica powder according to claim 1, which has a specific surface area ranging from 50 to 380 m2g.
8. The silica powder according to claim 1, which has an amine group equivalent ranging from 6.0106 to 1.2102 molg.
9. The silica powder according to claim 1, wherein the epoxy compound is selected from the group consisting of glycerol triglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, diglycerol polyglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane polyglycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether.
10. The silica powder according to claim 1, wherein the amine compound is selcted from the group consisting of diethylamine, diethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and tetraethylenepentamine.
11. A method for producing a silica powder, comprising surface-treating a silica powder with an epoxy compound having a plurality of epoxy groups and an amine compound.
12. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein said surface-treating comprises:
adding dropwise or spraying a liquid solution containing the epoxy compound to or onto the silica powder, wherein the silica powder is kept in a fluidized state;
heating the silica powder to a temperature from 90 to 200 C. to produce a primary product;
adding dropwise or spraying a liquid solution containing the amine compound to or onto the primary product, wherein the primary product is kept in a fluidized state; and
heating the primary product to a temperature from 90 to 200 C.
13. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 12, wherein the liquid solution containing the epoxy compound is prepared by dissolving the epoxy compound in a first solvent and the liquid solution containing the amine compound is prepared by dissolving the amine compound in a second solvent.
14. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 13, wherein the first solvent and the second solvent are independently selected from the group consisting of acetone, hexane, toluene, chloroform, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and mixtures thereof.
15. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein the method comprises:
adding dropwise or spraying both a liquid solution containing the epoxy compound having a plurality of epoxy groups and a liquid solution containing the amine compound to or onto a silica powder which is kept in a fluidized state simultaneously; and heating the silica powder, which has been added dropwise or sprayed with both the epoxy compound and the amine compound, in a fluidized state to a temperature from 90 to 200 C.
16. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 15, wherein the liquid solution containing the epoxy compound is prepared by dissolving the epoxy compound in a first solvent and the liquid solution containing the amine compound is prepared by dissolving the amine compound in a second solvent.
17. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 16, wherein the first solvent and the second solvent are independently selected from the group consisting of acetone, hexane, toluene, chloroform, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and mixtures thereof.
18. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein the surface treatment of the silica powder is performed with the epoxy compound in an amount of 0.1 to 60 parts by weight and the amine compound in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, both based on 100 parts by weight of the silica powder.
19. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 15, wherein the surface treatment of the silica powder is performed with the epoxy compound in an amount of 0.1 to 60 parts by weight and the amine compound in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, both based on 100 parts by weight of the silica powder.
20. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein the epoxy compound (1) has at least two epoxy groups, (2) contains no metal, and (3) has a molecular weight ranging from 200 to 1000.
21. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 15, wherein the epoxy compound (1) has at least two epoxy groups, (2) contains no metal, and (3) has a molecular weight ranging from 200 to 1000.
22. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein the surface treatment of the silica powder or the primary product is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere.
23. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 15, wherein the surface treatment of the silica powder or the primary product is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere.
24. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein the surface treatment of the silica powder and the primary product is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere.
25. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 15, wherein the surface treatment of the silica powder and the primary product is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere.
26. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein the epoxy compound is selected from the group consisting of glycerol triglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, diglycerol polyglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane polyglycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether.
27. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 11, wherein
the amine compound is selected from the group consisting of diethylamine, diethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and tetraethylenepentamine; and
the epoxy compound is selected from the group consisting of glycerol triglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, diglycerol polyglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane polyglycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether.
28. The method for producing a silica powder according to claim 15, wherein
the amine compound is selected from the group consisting of diethylamine, diethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and tetraethylenepentamine; and
the epoxy compound is selected from the group consisting of glycerol triglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, diglycerol polyglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane polyglycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether.
29. A surface-modified silica powder produced by the method according to claim 11.
30. A surface-modified silica powder produced by the method according to claim 15.
31. A method of ink printing, comprising contacting an ink with a substrate comprising the surface-modified silica powder of claim 1.
32. A method of ink printing, comprising contacting an ink with a substrate comprising the surface-modified silica powder of claim 29.
33. A method of ink printing, comprising contacting an ink with a substrate comprising the surface-modified silica powder of claim 30.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A gas turbine combustion system, comprising:
a combustor comprising a combustion chamber, the combustion chamber comprising one or more fluid channels to introduce air into at least one of a primary zone and an intermediate zone, the primary zone being enclosed by and defined by a domed portion of the combustor;
an a dual channel injector in fluid communication with the combustion chamber and configured to discharge fuel into the primary zone, the injector comprising an a first fuel channel, a second fuel channel, a plurality of air swirler ports, and an atomizer,
wherein the plurality of swilrer ports are configured to receive compressor airflow,
wherein the plurality of swirler ports are disposed circumferentially about the second fuel channel, and
wherein the swirler ports are configured to discharge to turbulent air flow in response to fuel being supplied through the first fuel channel and the second fuel channel to the atomizer; and
an igniter coupled to the combustion chamber, wherein the igniter is configured to ignite a fuel air mixture provided by the injector in the combustion chamber.
2. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 1, wherein the injector is configured to provide the fuel air mixture in the primary zone.
3. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 1, wherein the igniter is located adjacent to the primary zone.
4. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 1, wherein the injector comprises a first fuel channel and a second fuel channel.
5. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 1, wherein fuel is delivered to the combustion chamber through the first fuel channel in response to a starting operation.
6. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 1, wherein the atomizer is a diffuser.
7. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 6, wherein the diffuser is configured to discharge a mist of fuel.
8. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 7, wherein the air handler is an air swirler.
9. The gas turbine combustion system of claim 8, wherein the air swirler is configured to discharged a biased air flow that mixes with the mist of fuel.
10. A gas turbine combustor, comprising:
a combustion chamber including a primary zone and an intermediate zone, the primary zone being enclosed by and defined by a domed portion of the combustion chamber, the combustion chamber further comprising a first hole in fluid communication with the primary zone and a second hole in fluid communication with the intermediate zone;
an igniter coupled to the combustion chamber, the igniter configured to generate a spark in the primary zone; and
an injector coupled to the combustion chamber, and the injector configured to provide a fuel-air mist in the primary zone,
the injector comprising,
a first fuel channel, a second fuel channel, a plurality of air swirler ports, and an atomizer,
the air handler is in fluid communication with the swilrer ports,
the plurality of swirler ports are disposed circumferentially about the second fuel channel, and
the swirler ports are configured to discharge to turbulent air flow in response to fuel being supplied through the first fuel channel and the second fuel channel to the atomizer.
11. The gas turbine combustor of claim 10, further comprising an annulus defined between the gas turbine combustor housing and the combustion chamber.
12. The gas turbine combustor of claim 11, wherein the annulus is configured to receive a fluid flow from a compressor.
13. The gas turbine combustor of claim 11, wherein the first hole and the second hole are in are in fluid communication with the annulus.
14. The gas turbine combustor of claim 10, wherein the injector comprises an air handler.
15. The gas turbine combustor of claim 14, wherein the injector comprises a fuel atomizer.
16. The gas turbine combustor of claim 15, wherein the air handler is configured to create at least one of a turbulent air flow and a rotating airflow.
17. The gas turbine combustor of claim 15, wherein fuel is exhausted as a mist from the fuel atomizer and mixed with air exhausted from the air handler to create the fuel-air mist.
18. An APU, comprising:
a combustor comprising,
a housing,
a combustion chamber contained within the housing, combustion chamber having a domed portion defining a primary zone, the combustion chamber comprising an injector comprising;
an injector body,
a first fuel channel disposed within the injector body,
a second fuel channel disposed within the injector body and about the first fuel channel,
an atomizer in fluid communication with and configured to exhaust fuel from the first fuel channel and the second fuel channel, and
a plurality of air swirler ports disposed circumferentially about the second fuel channel, the plurality of the air swirler ports are configured to discharge to turbulent air flow in response to fuel,
the injector configured to provide a fuel air mist to the combustion chamber and an igniter configured to ignite the fuel air mist, the combustion chamber comprising a first plurality of holes in fluid communication with a primary zone and a second plurality of holes in fluid communication with an intermediate zone,
a channel defined between the combustion chamber and the housing;
a compressor in fluid communication with the channel, wherein fluid from the compressor is conducted through the channel and to the first plurality of holes and the second plurality of holes of the combustion chamber.
19. The APU of claim 18, wherein the injector comprises an air handler and a fuel atomizer.
20. The APU of claim 18, wherein the injector is configured to provide the fuel air mist in a volume adjacent to the igniter to achieve light off.

What is claimed is:

1. A method of reducing or eliminating microorganisms on mammalian tissue comprising the acts of:
topically applying a solution consisting essentially of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate having a molar ratio of approximately 1:2.6:1.6, to a surface of the mammalian tissue; and
allowing the applied solution to dry wherein a film is formed thereof, thereby to reduce or eliminate the microorganisms from said surface of the tissue.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said surface of the tissue is a skin surface having a sore, irritation, or scratch.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising allowing said film to remain on said surface, thereby continuing to reduce or eliminate microorganisms underneath the film.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said surface is a skin surface having acne, whereby the film blocks microorganisms from entering an infected skin follicle.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of topically applying includes spraying.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the act of rubbing said solution into said surface of the tissue.
7. A method of reducing or eliminating fungal growth on mammalian tissue comprising the acts of:
topically applying a solution consisting essentially of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate having a molar ratio of approximately 1:2.6:1.6, to the surface of the tissue; and
allowing the applied solution to dry wherein a film is formed thereby to encapsulate the fungus.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said tissue is fingernails or toenails, wherein the fingernails or toenails have the fungal growth.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the act of topically applying includes spraying.
10. The method of claim 7, further comprising the act of rubbing said solution into said tissue.
11. A method for promoting healing of mammalian skin, comprising the acts of:
applying to a surface of the skin a therapeutically effective solution, wherein said solution consists essentially of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate having a molar ratio of approximately 1:2.6:1.6; and
allowing the applied solution to dry wherein a film is formed on the surface of the skin.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising applying said solution repeatedly to said surface to promote healing.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein said surface has a sore, irritation, or scratch.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the act of topically applying includes spraying.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein said skin has a disorder selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, eczema, acne, dermatitis, aging skin, and age spots.
16. A method of promoting skin healing and maintenance comprising the steps of:
applying to skin a therapeutically effective aqueous solution, said solution consisting essentially of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate having a molar ratio of approximately 1:2.6:1.6; and
allowing the applied solution to dry wherein a film is formed on the surface of the skin.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising applying said solution repeatedly to said skin to promote healing.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein said skin has a disorder selected from the group consisting of scars, rashes, burns, stress lines, and wrinkles.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein said solution is aqueous.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein said solution is applied to healthy skin in order to maintain said healthy skin in a normal, smooth state.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the application of said solution includes spraying.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein said aqueous portion of said solution is deionized water.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein said aqueous portion of said solution is softened water.
23. The method of claim 16, wherein said aqueous portion of said solution is water which has been processed through a reverse osmosis system.
24. The method of claim 16, wherein the sodium portion of said bicarbonate, carbonate and phosphate compounds may be substituted with other Group IA alkali metals selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lithium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium.
25. The method of claim 16, wherein said therapeutically effective aqueous solution is comprised of a combination of alkali bicarbonate, alkali carbonate and tri-alkali phosphate compounds having a molar ratio of approximately 1:2.6:1.6, wherein said alkali portions of said compounds are selected from the Group IA alkali metals consisting of hydrogen, lithium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method of manufacturing a magnetic head, the magnetic head comprising:
a medium facing surface that faces toward a recording medium;
a read element that reads data written on the recording medium; and
a write element that has an end face located in the medium facing surface and writes data on the recording medium,
the method comprising the steps of:
fabricating a magnetic head substructure by forming a plurality of sets of the read element and the write element on a substrate, the magnetic head substructure including a plurality of pre-head portions that are aligned in a plurality of rows, each of the pre-head portions including a set of the read element and the write element; and
fabricating a plurality of magnetic heads by separating the plurality of pre-head portions from one another through cutting the substructure, wherein:
in the step of fabricating the substructure, the read elements and the write elements are disposed such that a distance from a top surface of the substrate to the read elements and a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the write elements are different;
the step of fabricating the magnetic heads includes the step of lapping a cut surface that is formed by cutting the substructure, so that a lapped surface that is formed by lapping the cut surface reaches a target position of the medium facing surface and thereby becomes the medium facing surface;
the step of fabricating the substructure includes the step of forming: first and second detection elements that are disposed such that a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the first detection element and a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the second detection element are different and that are each used to detect a position of the lapped surface and to detect an angle formed by the lapped surface with respect to the top surface of the substrate; and third and fourth detection elements that are located at positions shifted from the first and second detection elements along a direction orthogonal to the medium facing surface and disposed such that a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the third detection element and a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the fourth detection element are different and that are each used to detect the position of the lapped surface and to detect the angle formed by the lapped surface with respect to the top surface of the substrate; and,
in the step of lapping the cut surface, the medium facing surface is formed by lapping the cut surface while monitoring the position of the lapped surface and the angle formed by the lapped surface with respect to the top surface of the substrate that are detected by using the first and second detection elements, and monitoring the position of the lapped surface and the angle formed by the lapped surface with respect to the top surface of the substrate that are detected by using the third and fourth detection elements.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the first to fourth detection elements is a resistor element whose resistance changes with changes in the position of the lapped surface.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the third and fourth detection elements are located farther from the target position of the medium facing surface than the first and second detection elements.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein each of the first to fourth detection elements is removed in the step of fabricating the plurality of magnetic heads.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein a portion of each of the first and second detection elements remains in the magnetic head.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the read element is a magnetoresistive element.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the read element also functions as the first detection element.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first to fourth detection elements includes a first indicator and a second indicator that are exposed at the lapped surface, and one of a width of the first indicator and a width of the second indicator taken at the lapped surface decreases while the other increases with changes in the position of the lapped surface.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the write element incorporates: a coil for generating a magnetic field corresponding to data to be written on the recording medium; and a pole layer that includes a track width defining portion having an end face located in the medium facing surface, the pole layer allowing a magnetic flux corresponding to the field generated by the coil to pass therethrough and generating a write magnetic field for writing the data on the recording medium.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic head is one used for a perpendicular magnetic recording system.
11. A magnetic head substructure used for manufacturing a magnetic head, the magnetic head comprising:
a medium facing surface that faces toward a recording medium;
a read element that reads data written on the recording medium; and
a write element that has an end face located in the medium facing surface and writes data on the recording medium,
the substructure comprising:
a substrate; and
a plurality of sets of the read element and the write element that are formed on the substrate so that a plurality of pre-head portions each of which includes a set of the read element and the write element are aligned in a plurality of rows, wherein:
the read elements and the write elements are disposed such that a distance from a top surface of the substrate to the read elements and a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the write elements are different; and
the substructure is such one that, to fabricate the magnetic head, the substructure is cut so that the plurality of pre-head portions are separated from one another, a cut surface formed by cutting the substructure is lapped to form a lapped surface, and the lapped surface reaches a target position of the medium facing surface and thereby becomes the medium facing surface,
the substructure further comprising: first and second detection elements that are disposed such that a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the first detection element and a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the second detection element are different and that are each used to detect a position of the lapped surface and to detect an angle formed by the lapped surface with respect to the top surface of the substrate; and third and fourth detection elements that are located at positions shifted from the first and second detection elements along a direction orthogonal to the medium facing surface and disposed such that a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the third detection element and a distance from the top surface of the substrate to the fourth detection element are different and that are each used to detect the position of the lapped surface and to detect the angle formed by the lapped surface with respect to the top surface of the substrate.
12. The substructure according to claim 11, wherein each of the first to fourth detection elements is a resistor element whose resistance changes with changes in the position of the lapped surface.
13. The substructure according to claim 11, wherein the third and fourth detection elements are located farther from the target position of the medium facing surface than the first and second detection elements.
14. The substructure according to claim 13, wherein each of the first to fourth detection elements is removed when the substructure is cut.
15. The substructure according to claim 13, wherein a portion of each of the first and second detection elements remains in the magnetic head.
16. The substructure according to claim 11, wherein the read element is a magnetoresistive element.
17. The substructure according to claim 16, wherein the read element also functions as the first detection element.
18. The substructure according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the first to fourth detection elements includes a first indicator and a second indicator that are exposed at the lapped surface, and one of a width of the first indicator and a width of the second indicator taken at the lapped surface decreases while the other increases with changes in the position of the lapped surface.
19. The substructure according to claim 11, wherein the write element incorporates: a coil for generating a magnetic field corresponding to data to be written on the recording medium; and a pole layer that includes a track width defining portion having an end face located in the medium facing surface, the pole layer allowing a magnetic flux corresponding to the field generated by the coil to pass therethrough and generating a write magnetic field for writing the data on the recording medium.
20. The substructure according to claim 11, wherein the magnetic head is one used for a perpendicular magnetic recording system.