All The Claims

1. A load balance apparatus for controlling an arrangement of a plurality of logical structures that use resources of a plurality of physical machines,
the load balance apparatus comprising:
a storage resource storing historical data representing a history of resource usage by a logical structure, and a criterion value for each of the plurality of physical machines; and
a processor coupled to the storage resource,
wherein the criterion value for one single physical machine is a threshold for resource usage for the physical machine, and
wherein the processor is configured to:
(A) predict, on the basis of the historical data, time-series variations in resource usage for each arrangement control-targeted logical structure for a schedule period, which is a period in the future;
(B) attempt to select a plurality of arrangement candidates for which resource usage is equal to or less than the criterion value in each of the plurality of physical machines for each of a plurality of time segments comprising the schedule period;
(C) compute, for each of a plurality of holistic arrangement plans, a migration cost for migrating the logical structures between the physical machines to implement an arrangement according to a holistic arrangement plan, each of the plurality of holistic arrangement plans being a combination of a plurality of selected arrangement candidates corresponding to each of the plurality of time segments, and a selected arrangement candidate for one time segment being one arrangement candidate from among a plurality of arrangement candidates corresponding to the time segment; and
(D) select one holistic arrangement plan from the plurality of holistic arrangement plans based on the migration cost of each of the plurality of holistic arrangement plans;
wherein the processor is configured to, in the (B) processing, determine, on the basis of a difference between a first resource cost, which is a value indicating a degree of difficult for resource usage of a first arrangement of logical structures to exceed the criterion value, and a second resource cost, which is a value indicating the degree of difficulty for resource usage of a second arrangement of logical structures to exceed the criterion value, for each physical machine of each time segment, whether or not the resource usage of the second arrangement is to be adopted as a target for comparison with the criterion; and
wherein the processor is configured to, in the (B), store, in the storage resource, information for identifying a logical structure exhibiting an exceeded criterion value with respect to a second arrangement for which the degree to which the physical resource criterion value has exceeded is the lowest of the plurality of second arrangements that have not been selected as the arrangement candidate.
2.-15. (canceled)

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claims which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A digital modulation method for providing multiple services, comprising:
multiplexing bits by allocating the bits according to a required SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) of each service; and
modulating the multiplexed bits by applying non-uniform distances among constellation symbols.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the multiplexing comprises subdividing information related to the multiple services in units of bits by using the property that an inter-bit error probability within one symbol varies from one another.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the multiplexing comprises allocating a service with relatively low SNR requirement among the multiple services to MSB (Most Significant Bit) while allocating a service with relatively high SNR requirement to the LSB (Least Significant Bit).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the modulating comprises varying required SNR of a multiplexed service by using the non-uniform constellation.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein an inter-bit error probability is set differently by adjusting \u03b1 value in a mathematical equation below (where \u03b1 represents a value used to make non-uniform constellation; \u03b2 a value for normalizing average power of symbols; Es symbol power; and N0 noise power).
\u03b2
=
E
s
N
0

\ue89e
\ue89e
(

3
–
\u03b1

)

2

+
(

1
+
\u03b1

)

2
2
\ue89e
.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein, to enhance performance of MSB of bit division multiplexing, the \u03b1 value is controlled to be larger than a reference value, and
the \u03b1 value is controlled to be smaller than a reference value to enhance performance of LSB of bit division multiplexing.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising
performing error correction encoding for the individual multiple service-related signals; and
performing bit interleaving for each error correction encoded signal.
8. A digital modulation apparatus for providing multiple services, comprising:
a multiplexer configured to multiplex bits by allocating the bits according to a required SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) of each service; and
a modulator configured to modulate multiplexed bits by applying non-uniform distances among constellation symbols.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the multiplexer is configured to subdivide information related to the multiple services in units of bits by using the property that an inter-bit error probability within one symbol varies from one another.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the multiplexer is configured to allocate a service with relatively low SNR requirement among the multiple services to MSB (Most Significant Bit) while the multiplexer is configured to allocate a service with relatively high SNR requirement to the LSB (Least Significant Bit).
11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the modulator is configured to vary required SNR of a multiplexed service by using the non-uniform constellation.
12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein an inter-bit error probability is set differently by adjusting \u03b1 value in a mathematical equation below (where \u03b1 represents a value used to make non-uniform constellation; \u03b2 a value for normalizing average power of symbols; Es symbol power; and N0 noise power)
\u03b2
=
E
s
N
0

\ue89e
\ue89e
(

3
–
\u03b1

)

2

+
(

1
+
\u03b1

)

2
2
\ue89e
.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein, to enhance performance of MSB of bit division multiplexing, the multiplexer is configured to control the \u03b1 value to be larger than a reference value and
to control the \u03b1 value to be smaller than a reference value to enhance the performance of the LSB of bit division multiplexing.
14. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising
an error correction encoder(s) configured to perform error correction encoding for the individual multiple service-related signals; and
an interleaver(s) configured to perform bit interleaving for each error correction encoded signal.
15. An apparatus for providing multiple services, comprising:
an input unit configured to receive at least one service signal related to multiple services;
an error correction encoding unit configured to carry out error correction encoding for the at least one service signal;
a bit interleaver configured to carry out bit interleaving for the error correction encoded service signal;
a multiplexer configured to carry out multiplexing by assigning a bit to the at least one bit-interleaved service signal according to a required SNR of each service;
a modulator configured to carry out modulation by applying non-uniform distances among constellation symbols with respect to multiplexed bits; and
a transmitter configured to transmit modulated symbols to a receiver side.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the multiplexer is configured to carry out multiplexing by subdividing information related to the multiple services in units of bits by using the property that an inter-bit error probability within one symbol varies from one another.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the multiplexer is configured to allocate a service with a relatively low SNR requirement among the multiple services to MSB while the multiplexer is configured to allocate a service with a relatively high SNR requirement to LSB (Least Significant Bit).
18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the modulator is configured to vary required SNR of a service by using the non-uniform constellation.
19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the modulator is configured to set inter-bit error probability differently by adjusting \u03b1 value in a mathematical equation below (where \u03b1 represents a value used to make non-uniform constellation; \u03b2 a value for normalizing average power of symbols; Es symbol power; and N0 noise power)
\u03b2
=
E
s
N
0

\ue89e
\ue89e
(

3
–
\u03b1

)

2

+
(

1
+
\u03b1

)

2
2
\ue89e
.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein, to enhance performance of MSB of bit division multiplexing, the modulator is configured to control the \u03b1 value to be larger than a reference value and the modulator is configured to control the \u03b1 value to be smaller than a reference value to enhance performance of LSB of bit division multiplexing.

1. A belt tensioner for a motor vehicle engine, comprising:
a pivot shaft configured to be mounted stationary relative to the motor vehicle engine;
a pivot arm pivotally mounted on said pivot shaft;
a pulley rotationally supported on said pivot arm;
a spring that biases said pivot arm in a belt take-up direction; and
a backstop device operably engaging said pivot arm to provide a predetermined, limited amount of rotational play therebetween and to prevent rotational movement of said pivot arm from a minimum belt take-up position in a direction opposite said belt take-up direction, said backstop device comprising a one-way clutch member and a frictional brake member, said frictional brake member being a frictional clamp member relatively fixed to said pivot shaft by means of frictional engagement therewith, said frictional engagement being overcome manually during installation to rotationally position said backstop device to engage the pivot arm when in the minimum belt take-up position, said one-way clutch member including a pair of axially aligned rotational members disposed around said pivot shaft, one of said rotational members engaging said pivot arm and the other of said rotational members is a clamp holder which engages said frictional clamp member, at least one of said rotational members having a cylindrical surface, wherein said one-way clutch member further includes a clutch spring, one end of said clutch spring overlapping said cylindrical section of said at least one of said rotational members and the opposite end of said clutch spring being attached to the other of said rotational members, said clutch spring thereby permitting said rotational members to rotate in one direction relative to each other to permit said pivot arm to pivot substantially freely in said belt take-up direction but substantially preventing said rotational members from rotating in an opposite direction relative to each other to resist pivoting of said pivot arm in said direction opposite to said belt take-up direction.
2. The tensioner of claim 1, wherein the level of said frictional engagement between said frictional brake member and said pivot shaft is large enough to stop pivoting of said pivot arm in said direction opposite to said belt take-up direction when said pivot arm is subjected to belt load-induced torque under normal engine operating conditions and small enough to allow said pivot arm to be pivoted manually during installation in said direction opposite to said belt take-up direction.
3. The tensioner of claim 2, wherein said frictional brake member is constructed to open at least partially when said pivot arm is pivoted manually during installation in said direction opposite to said belt take-up direction.
4. The tensioner of claim 1, wherein said play is approximately the same as a rotational degree of pivot arm movement that is attributable to thermal expansion of the engine.
5. The tensioner of claim 1, wherein said play is approximately the same as the combination of a rotational degree of pivot arm movement that is attributable to thermal expansion of the engine and a rotational degree of pivot arm movement that is attributable to dynamic, engine-induced vibration of said pivot arm.
6. The tensioner of claim 1, wherein said clutch spring has a tang by means of which said clutch spring is anchored to said rotational member which engages said pivot arm.
7. The tensioner of claim 1, wherein said pair of rotational members are axially interconnected directly with each other.
8. A belt tensioner for a motor vehicle engine, comprising:
a pivot shaft configured to be mounted stationary relative to the motor vehicle engine;
a pivot arm pivotally mounted on said pivot shaft;
a pulley rotationally supported on said pivot arm;
a spring that biases said pivot arm in a belt take-up direction; and
a backstop device installed about the pivot shaft and operably engaging said pivot arm providing a predetermined, limited amount of rotational play between said pivot arm and said backstop device and preventing rotational movement of said pivot arm from a minimum belt take-up position in a direction opposite said belt take-up direction, said backstop device including a frictional clamp member and a one-way clutch member including a pair of axially aligned, generally cylindrical members disposed around said pivot shaft, one of said generally cylindrical members having an arm-engaging portion engaging said pivot arm and the other of said generally cylindrical members is a clamp holder which supports said frictional clamp member, and wherein said one-way clutch member includes a clutch spring which overlaps said pair of generally cylindrical members and permits said generally cylindrical members to rotate in one direction relative to each other permitting said pivot arm to pivot substantially freely in said belt take-up direction, but substantially prevents said generally cylindrical members from rotating in an opposite direction relative to each other resisting said pivot arm from pivoting in a direction opposite to said belt take-up direction by engagement of said pivot arm by said arm-engaging portion, frictional engagement of said frictional clamp member with said pivot shaft, and interlocking action of said one-way clutch member between said frictional clamp member and said arm-engaging portion.
9. The tensioner of claim 8, wherein the level of said frictional engagement between said frictional clamp member and said pivot shaft is large enough to resist pivoting of said pivot arm in said direction opposite to said belt take-up direction when said pivot arm is subjected to belt load-induced torque under normal engine operating conditions and small enough to allow said pivot arm to be pivoted manually during installation in said direction opposite to said belt take-up direction.
10. The tensioner of claim 8, wherein said clamp holder comprises an upper, clamp sleeve member and a lower, bottom sleeve member and wherein said frictional clamp member is housed between said upper, clamp sleeve member and said lower, bottom sleeve member.
11. The tensioner of claim 8, wherein said clutch spring is connected to said generally cylindrical member which engages said pivot arm.
12. The tensioner of claim 8, wherein said pair of generally cylindrical members are axially interconnected directly with each other.
13. The tensioner of claim 8, wherein an amount of play is provided between said pivot arm and an engagement portion of said generally cylindrical member engaging said pivot arm.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claims which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A mobile device for displaying construction-related documents, comprising:
at least one touch-sensitive display surface;
at least one image capture device;
a rugged casing; and
at least one handle.
2. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the handle is integral to the rugged casing.
3. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the handle is retractable into the rugged casing.
4. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the rugged casing is constructed of magnesium alloy.
5. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprising:
a processor;
a storage medium;
an optical drive;
a global positioning sensor;
at least one power source; and
a plurality of external connection ports.
6. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprising shock-, moisture-, dust- and vibration-resistant components.
7. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprising:
a touch-screen interface for viewing, editing and annotating documents.
8. The mobile device of claim 7, wherein the documents are construction-related documents.
9. The mobile device of claim 7, wherein the documents are still or moving images.
10. A method of displaying construction-related documents, comprising:
selecting, via a touch-screen interface, a construction-related document from a list of construction-related documents stored on a mobile device;
displaying the selected construction-related document on the screen of the mobile device;
editing or annotating the construction-related document;
storing an updated version of the construction-related document on the mobile device; and
tracking and maintaining a version history of previous versions of the construction-related document.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
receiving a construction-related document from a remote device; and
storing the construction-related document on the mobile device.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sending the updated version of the construction-related document to the remote device.
13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
utilizing a global positioning sensor to display construction-related documents relating to construction sites that are proximate to the location of the mobile device.