1. A method for correcting geometry of an image using a Line-Of-Sight (LOS) vector adjustment model, the method comprising:
acquiring an image and auxiliary data for the image, the image obtained by photographing a ground surface;
acquiring ground coordinates for a ground control point and image coordinates of the image matching the ground coordinates;
adjusting a LOS vector of a sensor of a photographing device used to photograph for photographing the image using the auxiliary data acquired; and
adjusting the ground coordinates and the image coordinates acquired, thus obtaining error correction data; and
applying the acquired auxiliary data and the obtained error correction data obtained to LOS vector adjustment models, and assigning ground coordinates to corresponding image coordinates of the image, thus performing exterior orientation for correcting distortion of the image,
wherein acquiring image coordinates matching the ground coordinates is performed using image coordinates based on sensor models that are obtained using sensor models represented by the following Equations 7 and 8:
F
1
=
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
11
\u2062
p
x
+
r
12
\u2062
p
y
+
r
13
\u2062
p
z
–
a
31
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
+
\u03a8
x
=
0
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
7
F
2
=
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
21
\u2062
p
x
+
r
22
\u2062
p
y
+
r
23
\u2062
p
z
–
a
32
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
+
\u03a8
y
=
0
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
8
where (Px, Py, Pz) are ground coordinates for the ground control point, \u03c1 is the distance from the center of the earth to the photographing device, and
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
11
\u2062
p
x
+
r
12
\u2062
p
y
+
r
13
\u2062
p
z
–
a
31
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
\u2062
\u2062
and
\u2062
\u2062
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
21
\u2062
p
x
+
r
22
\u2062
p
y
+
r
23
\u2062
p
z
–
a
32
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
\u2062
\u2062
are
photographing angles of the sensor among the auxiliary data, and \u03c8x and \u03c8y are photographing angles of the sensor, obtained using a position, velocity and attitude of the photographing device, among the auxiliary data, F1 and F2 are residual errors due to distortion of image, r11 to r33 are the elements of R=(M\xb7A)T, the position coordinate rotation matrix (M) and the attitude coordination rotation matrix (A) follow
M
–
1
\xb7
P
x
P
y
P
z
\xb7
0
0
\u03c1
=
\xb5
\u2062
\u2062
A
\xb7
u
x
u
y
u
z
,
u
x
,
u
y
,
u
z
\u2003are the elements of the LOS vector ({right arrow over (u)}) and \u03bc is the parameter related with {right arrow over (u)} and {right arrow over (P)} and Ex and Ey are error correction data in x and y directions.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the LOS vector adjustment models are represented by the following Equations 9 and 10:
F
1
=
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
11
\u2062
p
x
+
r
12
\u2062
p
y
+
r
13
\u2062
p
z
–
a
31
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
+
\u03a8
x
+
E
x
=
0
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
9
F
2
=
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
21
\u2062
p
x
+
r
22
\u2062
p
y
+
r
23
\u2062
p
z
–
a
32
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
+
\u03a8
y
+
E
y
=
0
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
10
where Ex and Ey are error correction data in x and y directions.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the error correction data is obtained using the following Equations 11 and 12:
E
x
=
a
x
\u2062
\u2062
0
+
\u2211
m
=
0
n
\u2062
(
b
xm
\xb7
i
m
+
1
+
c
xm
\xb7
j
m
+
1
)
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
11
E
y
=
a
y
\u2062
\u2062
0
+
\u2211
m
=
0
n
\u2062
(
b
ym
\xb7
i
m
+
1
+
c
ym
\xb7
j
m
+
1
)
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
12
where ax0, bxm, cxm, ay0, bym and cym are coefficients of the LOS vector corrected by the ground control point, i is a line of the image, and j is a column of the image.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the error correction data is a value calculated up to first order terms of i and j.
5. An apparatus for correcting geometry of an image using a LOS vector adjustment model, the apparatus comprising:
an image information extraction unit configured to acquire an image and auxiliary data for the image, the image being obtained by photographing a ground surface;
a ground control point extraction unit configured to receive and store ground coordinates for a ground control point and image coordinates matching the ground coordinates;
an error correction data extraction unit configured to receive the auxiliary data from the image information extraction unit and the ground coordinates and the image coordinates from the ground control point extraction unit, and then generate error correction data through adjustment of a LOS vector of the sensor of a photographing device for photographing the image; and
an exterior orientation calculation unit configured to receive the auxiliary data from the image information extraction unit and the error correction data from the error correction data extraction unit and apply the data to LOS vector adjustment models, thus calculating ground coordinates corresponding to respective image coordinates of the image,
wherein the LOS vector adjustment models used for the exterior orientation calculation unit are represented by the following
Equations 9 and 10:
F
1
=
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
11
\u2062
p
x
+
r
12
\u2062
p
y
+
r
13
\u2062
p
z
–
a
31
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
+
\u03a8
x
+
E
x
=
0
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
9
F
2
=
tan
–
1
\u2061
r
21
\u2062
p
x
+
r
22
\u2062
p
y
+
r
23
\u2062
p
z
–
a
32
\u2062
\u03c1
r
31
\u2062
p
x
+
r
32
\u2062
p
y
+
r
33
\u2062
p
z
–
a
33
\u2062
\u03c1
+
\u03a8
y
+
E
y
=
0
Equation
\u2062
\u2062
10
where (Px, Py, Pz) are ground coordinates for the ground control point, \u03c1 is the distance from the center of the earth to the photographing device, and are photographing angles of the sensor among the auxiliary data, and \u03a8x and \u03a8y are photographing angles of the sensor, obtained using a position, velocity and attitude of the photographing device,
among the auxiliary data, F1 and F2 are residual errors due to distortion of image, r11 to r33 are the elements of R=(M\xb7A)T, the position coordinate rotation matrix (M) and the attitude coordination rotation matrix (A) follow
M
–
1
\xb7
P
x
P
y
P
z
\xb7
0
0
\u03c1
=
\xb5
\u2062
\u2062
A
\xb7
u
x
u
y
u
z
,
u
x
,
u
y
,
u
z
\u2003are the elements of the LOS vector ({right arrow over (u)}) and \u03bc is the parameter related with {right arrow over (u)} and {right arrow over (P)}, and Ex and Ey are error correction data in x and y directions.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a sensor model calculation unit configured to detect image coordinates matching the ground coordinates, and receive data from the image information extraction unit and the ground coordinates from the ground control point extraction unit, thus calculating image coordinates based on sensor models.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claims which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for molding a microcellular polymeric article comprising:
forming in an extruder a non-nucleated, homogeneous, fluid, single-phase solution of a precursor of microcellular polymeric material and a blowing agent; and
injecting the solution into a molding chamber while nucleating the solution to form within the molding chamber a nucleated microcellular polymeric material precursor.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising allowing the microcellular polymeric material precursor to solidify in the molding chamber to form a microcellular polymeric material article having an average cell size of less than 100 microns.
3. The method of claim 1, comprising injecting the solution into the molding chamber through a nucleating pathway while nucleating the solution at a rate sufficient to produce a microcellular polymeric material precursor.
4. A method as in claim 3, wherein the solution is nucleated by a drop in pressure of the solution as the solution passes through the nucleating pathway into the molding chamber.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein a pressure drop rate of the solution while passing through the nucleating pathway is at least about 0.1 GPasec.
6. A method as in claim 1, further comprising accumulating the solution prior to injecting the solution through a nucleating pathway.
7. A method as in claim 6, comprising accumulating the solution in a region downstream of a screw in a barrel of the extrusion apparatus.
8. A method as in claim 7, wherein the solution is injected through the nucleating pathway by moving the screw in the extrusion apparatus in a downstream direction.
9. A method as in claim 6, comprising accumulating the solution in a region separate from the extrusion apparatus with an outlet of the extrusion apparatus being connected to the inlet of the accumulator.
10. A method as in claim 1, further comprising introducing blowing agent through a port of the extrusion apparatus into the precursor of polymeric material in the extrusion apparatus to form a precursor of polymeric material and blowing agent mixture prior to the injecting step.
11. A method as in claim 10, further comprising introducing blowing agent through more than one port of the extrusion apparatus.
12. A method as in claim 1, wherein the blowing agent is a physical blowing agent.
13. A method as in claim 1, wherein the blowing agent is a chemical blowing agent.
14. A method as in claim 1, wherein the blowing agent comprises carbon dioxide.
15. A method as in claim 1, wherein the blowing agent comprises nitrogen.
16. A method of forming a polymeric foam article comprising:
urging a stream of polymeric article precursor flowing in a downstream direction within a barrel of an extrusion apparatus;
introducing a blowing agent into the stream at a rate metered by the mass flow of the blowing agent to form a mixture of fluid polymeric article precursor and blowing agent; and
injecting the mixture of fluid polymeric article precursor into a molding chamber fluidly connected to the barrel.
17. A method as in claim 16, wherein the mixture of fluid polymeric article precursor and blowing agent comprises a single-phase solution.
18. A method as in claim 16, wherein the blowing agent concentration is between about 1% and 25% based on the weight of the mixture of precursor material and blowing agent.
19. A method as in claim 16, wherein the mass flow rate of the blowing agent is between 0.04 lbshour and 70 lbshour.
20. A method as in claim 16, wherein the mass flow rate of the blowing agent is between 0.2 lbshour and 12 lbshour.
21. A method as in claim 16, wherein the mass flow rate of the blowing agent can be controlled within +\u22120.3%.
22. A method as in claim 16, wherein the blowing agent comprises carbon dioxide.
23. A method as in claim 16, wherein the blowing agent comprises nitrogen.
24. A method as in claim 16, further comprising allowing the mixture to partially solidify in the shape of the enclosure to form a first microcellular polymeric article in the shape of the enclosure, removing the microcellular polymeric article from the enclosure, and allowing portions of the first microcellular polymeric article to expand further to form a second microcellular polymeric article having a shape with portions that are larger than the shape of the enclosure.