1. A compressed dosage form having predetermined spatially nonuniform internal composition and comprising a uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed region having predetermined spatially nonuniform internal composition, wherein the dosage form has a void fraction of less than 5%, has a predetermined spatially nonuniform internal composition before uniaxial compression and a predetermined spatially nonuniform internal composition after uniaxial compression, comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient, and the predetermined spatially nonuniform internal composition comprises powder particles bound together by a binding substance, and the dosage form has a surface finish having a peak-to-valley dimension wherein the peak-to-valley dimension is less than or approximately equal to 3 microns.
2. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the dosage form comprises more than one uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed region.
3. The dosage form of claim 1 further comprising depressed or raised markings on one or more of its surfaces.
4. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the dosage form has a shape selected from the group consisting of: cylindrical with flat ends, cylindrical with curved ends, rectangular prismatic with flat ends, rectangular prismatic with curved ends, elliptical prismatic with flat ends, elliptical prismatic with curved ends, ellipsoidal, and spherical.
5. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the powder comprises one or more substances selected from the group consisting of a methacrylic acid copolymer, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, lactose, glucose, dextrose, fructose and sugar.
6. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the binding substance is one or more substances selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Eudragit L-100, Eudragit E-100, Eudragit RSPO, Eudragit RLPO, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
7. The dosage form of claim 1 comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient which is selected from the group consisting of pain-reliever; hormones; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat hypertension; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat Parkinson’s disease; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat Attention Deficit Disorder; and active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat asthma.
8. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the dosage form comprises particles and the predetermined compositional nonuniformity is on a size scale larger than the size of particles within the uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed region.
9. The dosage form of claim 2 wherein the dosage form comprises an interior uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed region having an interior composition surrounded by a uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed shell region having a shell composition.
10. The dosage form of claim 9 wherein the interior region comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the shell comprises a substance selected to influence the release characteristics of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
11. The dosage form of claim 9 wherein the shell has a shell non-powder fraction and the interior has an interior non-powder fraction, and the shell non-powder fraction and the interior non-powder fraction are approximately equal to each other.
12. The dosage form of claim 2 wherein each of the uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally printed regions comprises a different composition.
13. The dosage form of claim 12 wherein plural regions are in nested arrangement.
14. The dosage form of claim 11 wherein each region of the dosage form has a respective non-powder fraction, and all of these non-powder fractions are approximately equal to each other.
15. The dosage form of claim 12 wherein the dosage form comprises a gradient in the composition of one or more ingredients on a size scale greater than the particle size of the one or more ingredients.
16. The dosage form of claim 15 wherein the dosage form has a geometric center, and wherein the concentration of one or more ingredients varies as a function of distance from the geometric center of the dosage form.
17. The dosage form of claim 15 wherein each local place in the dosage form has a respective non-powder fraction, and all of these non-powder fractions are approximately equal to each other.
18. The dosage form of claim 1 further comprising a coating covering the dosage form or a capsule enclosing the dosage form.
19. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the dosage form is an implantable delivery device for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredient.
20. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the dosage form is an oral dosage form.
21. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is selected from the group consisting of pain-reliever; hormone; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat hypertension; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat Parkinson’s disease; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat Attention Deficit Disorder; and active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat asthma.
22. The dosage form of claim 2, wherein the uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed regions are constructed in a layered structure having top-to-bottom symmetry about a midplane, having cylindrical symmetry about a central axis, having a parallelpiped arrangement, or a combination thereof.
23. The dosage form of claim 22, wherein a uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed region is an end cap region.
24. The dosage form of claim 22 comprising uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed regions that are compressed in a direction along the central axis of cylindrical symmetry.
25. The dosage form of claim 22 comprising uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed regions that are compressed in a direction along a vertical layer-to-layer build direction.
26. The dosage form of claim 2, wherein the uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed regions are constructed in a layered structure of planar layers, parallelpiped layers, cylindrical layers, cubic layers or a combination thereof.
27. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the uniaxially-compressed three-dimensionally-printed regions comprise different amounts or concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredient.
28. The dosage form of claim 10, wherein the shell comprises no active pharmaceutical ingredient, a different active pharmaceutical ingredient than the one in the interior region, or a different concentration of the same active pharmaceutical ingredient present in the interior region.
29. The dosage form of claim 2 wherein the dosage form has a shape selected from the group consisting of: cylindrical with flat ends, cylindrical with curved ends, rectangular prismatic with flat ends, rectangular prismatic with curved ends, elliptical prismatic with flat ends, elliptical prismatic with curved ends, ellipsoidal, and spherical.
30. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the powder comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
31. The dosage form of claim 30 wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is selected from the group consisting of pain-reliever; hormone; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat hypertension; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat Parkinson’s disease; active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat Attention Deficit Disorder; and active pharmaceutical ingredient to combat asthma.
32. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein the dosage form is a uniaxially compressed dosage form.
33. The dosage form of claim 7, wherein the pain-reliever is selected from the group consisting of pain-reliever for cancer and pain-reliever for arthritis.
34. The dosage form of claim 21, wherein the pain-reliever is selected from the group consisting of pain-reliever for cancer and pain-reliever for arthritis.
35. The dosage form of claim 31, wherein the pain-reliever is selected from the group consisting of pain-reliever for cancer and pain-reliever for arthritis.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A computer-implemented method of rating a consumer in connection with a transaction initiated by the consumer and requesting credit from a credit issuer, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a merchant-based consumertransaction data set including a plurality of data fields to a central credit issuer database;
(b) providing a third party credit history data set including a plurality of data fields to a central credit issuer database;
(c) providing a credit, issuer credit history data set including a plurality of data fields to a central credit issuer database;
(d) determining a consumer rating index variable based upon a scoring formula utilizing at least one data field value from at least one of the provided merchant-based consumertransaction data set, the third party credit history data set and the credit issuer credit history data set; and
(e) presenting the consumer rating index variable to the credit issuer;
wherein the method is initiated substantially at the time the credit transaction is initiated.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of steps (a)-(e) is performed by a computing device.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the computing device is at least one of a personal computer, a networked device, a laptop, a palmtop, a personal digital assistant and a server.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the consumertransaction data set includes at least one field populated with data reflecting at least one of a consumer’s name, an account number, an address, a city, a state, a zip code, a country, a telephone number, an e-mail address, a social security number, a date of birth, the merchant’s name, an identification, an order number, an authorization number, an authorization time, an authorization amount, a ship-to address, a bill-to address, a transaction amount, a consumer purchase demographic, a transaction date, a transaction type, a product identification, a service identification, shipping costs, delivery type and customer type.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the third party credit history data set includes at least one field populated with data reflecting a consumer’s name, an account number, an address, a city, a state, a zip code, a country, a telephone number, an e-mail address, a social security number, a date of birth, the merchant’s name, an identification, an order number, an authorization number, an authorization time, an authorization amount, a ship-to address, a bill-to address, a transaction amount, a consumer purchase demographic, a transaction date, a transaction type, a product identification, a service identification, shipping costs, delivery type, customer type, a company identity, a merchant identity, a third party risk score, a general credit risk score, a credit bureau risk score, a prior approval, prior report data, previous transaction data, a geographical risk factor, credit account data, bankcard balance data, delinquency data, credit segment data, time between transactions data, previous transaction amount, previous transaction approval status, previous transaction time stamp data, a response code, active trades in database, public record data, trade line data, transaction medium and credit segment data.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the credit issuer credit history data set includes at least one field populated with data reflecting a consumer’s name, an account number, an address, a city, a state, a zip code, a country, a telephone number, an e-mail address, a social security number, a date of birth, the merchant’s name, an identification, an order number, an authorization number, an authorization time, an authorization amount, a ship-to address, a bill-to address, a transaction amount, a consumer purchase demographic, a transaction date, a transaction type, a product identification, a service identification, shipping costs, delivery type, customer type, a company identity, a merchant identity, a third party risk score, a general credit risk score, a credit bureau risk score, a prior approval, prior report data, previous transaction data, a geographical risk factor, credit account data, bankcard balance data, delinquency data, credit segment data, time between transactions data, previous transaction amount, previous transaction approval status, previous transaction time stamp data, a response code, active trades in database, public record data, trade line data, transaction medium, credit segment data, consumer payment type, consumer payment method, consumer payment history, consumer account history, consumer credit account balance and merchant history.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the central credit issuer database includes at least one sub-database containing at least one field therein.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the central credit issuer database includes at least one of:
(i) a transaction database including at least one field populated by data reflecting at least one of transaction data and consumer data;
(ii) a verification database including at least one field populated by data reflecting at least one of verification data and third party credit history data; and
(iii) a credit issuer database including at least one field populated by data reflecting at least one of credit issuer data and credit issuer credit history data.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the consumertransaction data set is provided to the central credit issuer database from a merchant.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the third party credit history data set is provided to the central credit issuer database from a third party credit bureau.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the credit issuer credit history data set is provided to the central credit issuer database from a credit issuer.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of providing an indicator to at least one of a user and a credit issuer, the indicator based upon the determined consumer rating index variable.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the indicator is at least one of:
(i) a visual indicator that is at least one of a letter, a symbol, a term, a word, a phrase, a number, a color, a picture and a visual representation; and
(ii) an audio indicator that is at least one of a sound, an alarm, an audio file, a digital sound and an analog sound.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein step (d) further includes the steps of:
(i) selecting the appropriate development population;
(ii) building a variable data set with data from at least one of the provided merchant-based consumertransaction data set, the third party credit history data set and the credit issuer credit history data set;
(iii) performing segmentation analysis to identify homogeneous segments;
(iv) building a score card using regression analysis; and
(v) validating the score card against a validation sample.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein data that meets specified and predetermined criteria are included in the selected population.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the variable data set includes data reflecting at least one of amount of a first transaction, amount of a second transaction, merchant identity, time between transactions, bill-to address, addressee, authorization response, approval status, declination status, internal billing code and delinquency indicator.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein homogeneous segments are identified by analyzing data reflecting at least one of number of active trades, FICO score and defined credit segment.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the regression analysis is a Forward Step Regression Analysis.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the regression analysis is performed for each segment, wherein:
logit=fn(number_active_bc, num_pub, num_tr1, num_tr3, webmoto, fic, amt.2, timedif, amtratio)
Where:
Number_active_bc is number of active bankcards from the credit bureau;
Num_pub is the number of public records found in the credit bureau;
Num_tr1 is the number of trade in the credit bureau;
Num_tr13 is the number of 90+Days Past Due trade in the credit bureau;
Webmoto is an indicator of whether the sale was made on the web or by telephone;
Fic is the FICO score;
Amt.2 is the second transaction amount;
Timedif is the elapsed time between first and second authorizations; and
Amtratio is the ratio of the first second authorization amount to the first authorization amount.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein a raw score is calculated using the
following formula: Raw Score (predicted probability)=1(1+exp(\u2212log-odds)).
21. The method of claim 20, wherein a normalized score is calculated using the following formula: Normalized Score=MAX(800\u2212(Max((Raw Score\u22120.008, 0)0.008)*40,200).
22. The method of claim 14, wherein the consumer rating index variable is a normalized score in the range of 200 to 800.
23. The method of claim 14, wherein the validation analysis includes the step of calculating deciles with a 30% randomly selected validation sample from an original population selection.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the consumer rating index variable is a normalized score in the range of 200 to 800.
25. An apparatus for rating a consumer in connection with a transaction initiated by the consumer and requesting credit from a credit issuer, the apparatus comprising:
a storage mechanism including a central credit issuer database;
an input mechanism for transmitting a merchant-based consumertransaction data set including a plurality of data fields, a third party credit history data set including a plurality of data fields and a credit issuer credit history data set including a plurality of data fields to the central credit issuer database; and
a processor mechanism configured to determine a consumer rating index variable based upon a scoring formula utilizing at least one data field value from at least one of the provided merchant-based consumertransaction data set, the third party credit history data set and the credit issuer credit history data set;
wherein the transmission of the merchant-based consumertransaction data set, the third party credit history data set and the credit issuer credit history data set is initiated substantially at the time the credit transaction is initiated.
26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the processor mechanism is a computing device.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the computing device is at least one of a personal computer, a networked device, a laptop, a palmtop, a personal digital assistant and a server.
28. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the input mechanism is at least one of a direct-input device, a keyboard, a transmission device, a modem, a network and the Internet.
29. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the consumertransaction data set includes at least one field populated with data reflecting at least one of a consumer’s name, an account number, an address, a city, a state, a zip code, a country, a telephone number, an e-mail address, a social security number, a date of birth, the merchant’s name, an identification, an order number, an authorization number, an authorization time, an authorization amount, a ship-to address, a bill-to address, a transaction amount, a consumer purchase demographic, a transaction date, a transaction type, a product identification, a service identification, shipping costs, delivery type and customer type.
30. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the third party credit history data set includes at least one field populated with data reflecting a consumer’s name, an account number, an address, a city, a state, a zip code, a country, a telephone number, an e-mail address, a social security number, a date of birth, the merchant’s name, an identification, an order number, an authorization number, an authorization time, an authorization amount, a ship-to address, a bill-to address, a transaction amount, a consumer purchase demographic, a transaction date, a transaction type, a product identification, a service identification, shipping costs, delivery type, customer type, a company identity, a merchant identity, a third party risk score, a general credit risk score, a credit bureau risk score, a prior approval, prior report data, previous transaction data, a geographical risk factor, credit account data, bankcard balance data, delinquency data, credit segment data, time between transactions data, previous transaction amount, previous transaction approval status, previous transaction time stamp data, a response code, active trades in database, public record data, trade line data, transaction medium and credit segment data.
31. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the credit issuer credit history data set includes at least one field populated with data reflecting a consumer’s name, an account number, an address, a city, a state, a zip code, a country, a telephone number, an e-mail address, a social security number, a date of birth, the merchant’s name, an identification, an order number, an authorization number, an authorization time, an authorization amount, a ship-to address, a bill-to address, a transaction amount, a consumer purchase demographic, a transaction date, a transaction type, a product identification, a service identification, shipping costs, delivery type, customer type, a company identity, a merchant identity, a third party risk score, a general credit risk score, a credit bureau risk score, a prior approval, prior report data, previous transaction data, a geographical risk factor, credit account data, bankcard balance data, delinquency data, credit segment data, time between transactions data, previous transaction amount, previous transaction approval status, previous transaction time stamp data, a response code, active trades in database, public record data, trade line data, transaction medium, credit segment data, consumer payment type, consumer payment apparatus, consumer payment history, consumer account history, consumer credit account balance and merchant history.
32. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the central credit issuer database includes at least one sub-database containing at least one field therein.
33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the central credit issuer database includes at least one of:
(i) a transaction database including at least one field populated by data reflecting at least one of transaction data and consumer data;
(ii) a verification database including at least one field populated by data reflecting at least one of verification data and third party credit history data; and
(iii) a credit issuer database including at least one field populated by data reflecting at least one of credit issuer data and credit issuer credit history data.
34. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the consumertransaction data set is provided to the central credit issuer database from a merchant.
35. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the third party credit history data set is provided to the central credit issuer database from a third party credit bureau.
36. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the credit issuer credit history data set is provided to the central credit issuer database from a credit issuer.
37. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor mechanism is further configured to provide an indicator to at least one of a user and a credit issuer, the indicator based upon the determined consumer rating index variable.
38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the indicator is at least one of:
(i) a visual indicator that is at least one of a letter, a symbol, a term, a word, a phrase, a number, a color, a picture and a visual representation; and
(ii) an audio indicator that is at least one of a sound, an alarm, an audio file, a digital sound and an analog sound.
39. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the processor mechanism is further configured to:
(i) select the appropriate development population;
(ii) build a variable data set with data from at least one of the provided merchant-based consumertransaction data set, the third party credit history data set and the credit issuer credit history data set;
(iii) perform segmentation analysis to identify homogeneous segments;
(iv) build a score card using regression analysis; and
(v) validate the score card against a validation sample.
40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein data that meets specified and predetermined criteria are included in the selected population.
41. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the variable data set includes data reflecting at least one of amount of a first transaction, amount of a second transaction, merchant identity, time between transactions, bill-to address, addressee, authorization response, approval status, declination status, internal billing code and delinquency indicator.
42. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein homogeneous segments are identified by analyzing data reflecting at least one of number of active trades, FICO score and defined credit segment.
43. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the regression analysis is a Forward Step Regression Analysis.
44. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the regression analysis is performed for each segment, wherein:
logit=fn(number_active_bc, num_pub, num_tr1, num_tr3, webmoto, fic, amt.2, timedif, amtratio)
Where:
Number_active_bc is number of active bankcards from the credit bureau;
Num_pub is the number of public records found in the credit bureau;
Num_tr1 is the number of trade in the credit bureau;
Num_tr13 is the number of 90+Days Past Due trade in the credit bureau;
Webmoto is an indicator of whether the sale was made on the web or by telephone;
Fic is the FICO score;
Amt.2 is the second transaction amount;
Timedif is the elapsed time between first and second authorizations; and
Amtratio is the ratio of the first second authorization amount to the first authorization amount.
45. The apparatus of claim 44, wherein a raw score is calculated using the following formula: Raw Score (predicted probability)=1(1+exp(\u2212log-odds)).
46. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein a normalized score is calculated using the following formula: Normalized Score=MAX(800\u2212(Max((Raw Score\u22120.008, 0)0.008)*40,200).
47. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the consumer rating index variable is a normalized score in the range of 200 to 800.
48. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the validation analysis includes the step of calculating deciles with a 30% randomly selected validation sample from an original population selection.
49. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the consumer rating index variable is a normalized score in the range of 200 to 800.
50. An apparatus for rating a consumer in connection with a transaction initiated by the consumer and requesting credit from a credit issuer, the apparatus comprising:
means for providing a merchant-based consumertransaction data set including a plurality of data fields to a central credit issuer database;
means for providing a third party credit history data set including a plurality of data fields to a central credit issuer database;
means for providing a credit issuer credit history data set including a plurality of data fields to a central credit issuer database;
means for determining a consumer rating index variable based upon a scoring formula utilizing at least one data field value from at least one of the provided merchant-based consumertransaction data set, the third party credit history data set and the credit issuer credit history data set; and
means for presenting the consumer rating index variable to the credit issuer;
wherein the provision of the merchant-based consumertransaction data set, the third party credit history data set and the credit issuer credit history data set occurs substantially at the time the credit transaction is initiated.