All The Claims

1. A semiconductor device comprising:
a first-conductive-type base layer provided in a substrate having first and second surfaces;
a second-conductive-type collector layer provided on the first surface;
a collector electrode provided on the second-conductive-type collector layer;
a second-conductive-type base layer provided on the second surface;
a second-conductive-type contact layer selectively provided on the second-conductive-type base layer;
trenches provided on the on a side of second surface;
a gate electrode provided in each of the trenches via a gate insulating film;
a first-conductive-type emitter layer provided on the trenches;
an insulating film provided on the gate electrodes; and
an emitter electrode provided on the second surface, and having a non-contact portion partially provided in the first-conductive-type emitter layer.
2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a surface impurity concentration of the first-conductive-type emitter layer is equal to or more 1\xd71018 cm\u22123 and less 5\xd71019 cm\u22123.
3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein, in a longitudinal direction of the trenches, a ratio of a width of the first-conductive-type emitter layer to a width of the second-conductive-type contact layer is equal to or more 0.6.
4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a part of the gate electrode contacts emitter electrode.
5. A semiconductor device comprising:
a first-conductive-type base layer provided in a substrate having first and second surfaces;
a second-conductive-type collector layer provided on the first surface;
a collector electrode provided on the second-conductive-type collector layer;
a second-conductive-type base layer provided on the second surface;
a second-conductive-type contact layer selectively provided on the second-conductive-type base layer;
trenches provided on a side of the second surface;
a gate electrode provided in each of the trenches via a gate insulating film;
a first-conductive-type emitter layer provided on the trenches;
an insulating film provided on the gate electrodes; and
an emitter electrode provided on the second surface, and having a portion in ohmic contact and a portion in Schottky contact with the first-conductive-type emitter layer.
6. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein
a surface impurity concentration of the portion of the first-conductive-type emitter layer in ohmic contact with the emitter electrode is equal to or more 1\xd71019 cm\u22123, and
a surface impurity concentration of the portion of the first-conductive-type emitter layer in Schottky contact with the emitter electrode is less 1\xd71019 cm\u22123.
7. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein the portion of the first-conductive-type emitter layer is brought into ohmic contact with the emitter electrode by arsenic segregation caused at the portion of the first-conductive-type emitter layer.
8. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein, in the longitudinal direction of the trenches, a ratio of a width of the first-conductive-type emitter layer to a width of the second-conductive-type contact layer is equal to or more 0.6.
9. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein a portion of the gate electrode contacts the emitter electrode.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An oral care composition comprising an abrasive system, wherein the abrasive system comprises
(a) a first particulate abrasive comprising at least 20 wt % pumice, based on the weight of the oral care composition, having an average particle size of from 20 to 300 microns; and
(b) a second particulate abrasive comprising calcium carbonate having an average particle size of from 2 to 13 microns.
2. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the first particulate abrasive comprises from 20 to 60 wt % pumice, based on the weight of the oral care composition.
3. The oral care composition according to claim 2 wherein the first particulate abrasive comprises from 30 to 50 wt % pumice, based on the weight of the oral care composition.
4. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein at least 60 wt % of the pumice, based on the weight of the pumice, has an average particle size of from 90 to 300 microns.
5. The oral care composition according to claim 4 wherein at least 80 wt % of the pumice, based on the weight of the pumice, has an average particle size of from 90 to 300 microns.
6. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the second particulate abrasive comprises calcium carbonate in an amount of from 5 to 40 wt %, based on the weight of the oral care composition.
7. The oral care composition according to claim 6 wherein the second particulate abrasive comprises calcium carbonate in an amount of from 15 to 30 wt %, based on the weight of the oral care composition.
8. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein weight ratio of the first particulate abrasive and the second particulate abrasive is within a range from the group consisting of 0.6-5.0:1, 0.7-4.0:1, and 1.0-3.5:1.
9. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the calcium carbonate has an average particle size of from 4 to 10 microns.
10. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the calcium carbonate comprises of a first calcium carbonate with an average particle size of from 4 to 5 microns and a second calcium carbonate with an average particle size of from 9 to 10 microns.
11. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of the first calcium carbonate with an average particle size of from 4 to 5 microns to the second calcium carbonate with an average particle size of from 9 to 10 microns is selected from group consisting of 1.0-1.2:1 and 1.05-1.15:1.
12. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the calcium carbonate comprises natural calcium carbonate particles.
13. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the particles of calcium carbonate comprise natural calcium carbonate have an average particle size of no greater than a dentin tubule of a mammalian tooth.
14. The oral care composition according to claim 1 which further comprises a basic amino acid in free or salt form in an amount effective for treating dental hypersensitivity.
15. The oral care composition according to claim 14 wherein the basic amino acid in free or salt form comprises arginine bicarbonate.
16. The oral care composition according to claim 14 wherein the basic amino acid in free or salt form is present in an amount of from 5 to 15 wt % based on the weight of the oral care composition.
17. The oral care composition according to claim 16 wherein the basic amino acid in free or salt form is present in an amount of from 7 to 12 wt % based on the weight of the oral care composition.
18. The oral care composition according to claim 1 which further comprises an orally acceptable vehicle.
19. The oral care composition according to claim 18 wherein the orally acceptable vehicle comprises glycerin which is present in an amount of from 5 to 20 wt % based on the weight of the oral care composition.
20. The oral care composition according to claim 19 wherein the glycerin is present in an amount of from 10 to 15 wt % based on the weight of the oral care composition.
21. The oral care composition according to claim 1 further comprising a fluoride compound or a source of fluorine ions.
22. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the amount and particle size of the first and second particulate abrasives are selected to provide the oral care composition with a pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) of at least 59, a radioactive dentin abrasion (RDA) of no more than 250, and a ratio of the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) to the radioactive dentin abrasion (RDA) of at least 0.6.
23. The oral care composition according to claim 22 wherein the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) is from 70 to 110, the radioactive dentin abrasion (RDA) is from 100 to 140, and the ratio of the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) to the radioactive dentin abrasion (RDA) is from 0.6 to 0.8.
24. The oral care composition according to claim 23 wherein the ratio of the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) to the radioactive dentin abrasion (RDA) of from 0.64 to 0.8.
25. The oral care composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is formulated into a dentifrice in the form of a paste.
26. A method of cleaning teeth comprising applying the oral care composition of claim 1 to a tooth surface, the oral care composition being applied as a paste disposed in a prophy cup.
27. The oral care composition according to claim 1, for use in a cleaning teeth, comprising applying the oral care composition to a tooth surface, the oral care composition being applied as a paste disposed in a prophy cup.

1.-31. (canceled)
32. A method to control a quality of one or more of an image, a sequence of images, a video sequence, a 3-dimensional data set and a layer of an image comprising:
receiving the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image;
receiving an indication of a target image quality for a reconstructed version of a to be compressed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image;
commencing compression of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image, the compression including performing a wavelet transform and wavelet coefficient coding;
estimating, using one or more of Laplacian, generalized Gaussian, statistical and empirical modeling, distortion caused by one or more of quantization distortion and truncation distortion, wherein the estimating of distortion is performed without measuring the distortion;
estimating, using one or more modeling techniques, a quality of the reconstructed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image based on the estimated distortion;
automatically comparing, by a processor, the estimated quality to the target image quality; and:
when the target image quality has been met, outputting the compressed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of an image that at least meets the target image quality, and
when the target image quality has not been met, adjusting one or more of quantization tables and truncation points.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the compressed version is output when the estimated distortion corresponds to the target image quality.
34. The method of claim 32, further comprising updating the one or more of quantization tables and truncation points, wherein the updating step iteratively occurs until the estimated distortion corresponds to the target image quality.
35. The method of claim 32, further comprising outputting a quality metric of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images and the layer of the image.
36. The method of claim 32, further comprising outputting one or more of an original version, an iterative version and the compressed version of one or more of the image, the sequence of images and the layer of the image.
37. A system to control a quality of image information comprising:
an image receipt module that receives one or more of an image, a sequence of images, a video sequence, a 3-dimensional data set and a layer of an image;
a user interface that receives an indication of a target image quality for a reconstructed version of a to be compressed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image;
a compression module that compresses of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image including performing a wavelet transform and wavelet coefficient coding;
one or more estimator modules that estimate distortion caused by one or more of quantization distortion and truncation distortion, wherein the estimate of distortion is performed without measuring the distortion using one or more of Laplacian, generalized Gaussian, statistical and empirical modeling, and estimate, using one or more modeling techniques, a quality of the reconstructed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image based on the estimated distortion;
a processor that automatically compares the estimated quality to the target image quality; and
an image output module that, when the target image quality has been met, outputs the compressed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of an image that at least meets the target image quality, and when the target image quality has not been met, adjusts one or more of quantization tables and truncation points.
38. The system of claim 37, wherein the compressed version is output when the estimated distortion corresponds to the target image quality.
39. The system of claim 37, wherein the image output module further updates the one or more of quantization tables and truncation points, wherein the updating iteratively occurs until the estimated distortion corresponds to the target image quality.
40. The system of claim 37, wherein a quality metric of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images and the layer of the image is output.
41. The system of claim 37, wherein the image output module further outputs one or more of an original version, an iterative version and the compressed version of one or more of the image, the sequence of images and the layer of the image.
42. A non-transitory computer readable information storage media including instructions, that when executed by at least one processer or CPU, cause to be performed the steps of:
receiving one or more of an image, a sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and a layer of an image;
receiving an indication of a target image quality for a reconstructed version of a to be compressed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image;
commencing compression of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image including performing a wavelet transform and wavelet coefficient coding;
estimating distortion, using one or more of Laplacian, generalized Gaussian, statistical and empirical modeling, caused by one or more of quantization distortion and truncation distortion, wherein the estimating of distortion is performed without measuring the distortion;
estimating, using one or more modeling techniques, a quality of the reconstructed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of the image based on the estimated distortion;
automatically comparing the estimated quality to the target image quality; and
when the target image quality has been met, outputting the compressed version of the one or more of the image, the sequence of images, the video sequence, the 3-dimensional data set and the layer of an image that at least meets the target image quality, and, when the target image quality has not been met, updating one or more of quantization tables and truncation points.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A reversed valve for computer hard disk drives comprising:
a filter media layer;
a PSAbody film located below said filter media layer,
a laminating adhesive partially attaching the filter media to the PSAbody film;
a dry strap located below said PSAbody film;
dry strap PSA adhesive adhered to the outer ends of the dry strap that attaches a portion of the dry strap to the PSAbody film;
a lifter ring located below said dry strap having a ring-shaped configuration that permits gas to penetrate through the center of the ring;
lifter ring adhesive on a top surface of said lifter ring that attaches a portion of the lifter ring to the dry strap;
a laminating adhesive on a bottom surface of said lifter ring that attaches said reversed valve to a surface.
2. The reversed valve of claim 1, wherein the filter media comprises spun bond polypropylene or equivalent.
3. The reversed valve of claim 2, wherein the filter media is circular shaped.
4. The reversed valve of claim 3, wherein the filter media filters particles down to 0.1 micron in size.
5. The reversed valve of claim 1, wherein the dry strap is configured to permit gases to pass through the lifter ring to the PSAbody film.
6. The reversed valve of claim 5, wherein the dry strap is oblong shaped.
7. The reversed valve of claim 5, wherein the dry strap creates a one-way flow of gas.
8. The reversed valve of claim 1, wherein the lifter ring forms a chamber that permits the dry strap and PSAbody film to close mechanically when absolute pressure is obtained in the chamber.
9. The reversed valve of claim 1, in which the lifter ring is made of a polyolefin type material.
10. The reversed valve of claim 1 wherein the PSAbody film is a pressure sensitive material between around 0.001 inch and 0.005 inch thick.
11. A reversed valve for computer hard disk drives comprising:
a filter media layer;
a PSAbody film positioned below said filter media layer, said PSAbody film being acrylic pressure sensitive material of thickness between around 0.001 to 0.005 inches:
a dry strap layer positioned below the filter PSAbody film;
a lifter ring layer positioned below the dry strap wherein the lifter ring has an exterior wall and an interior wall;
wherein the interior wall of the lifter ring and the dry strap form a chamber that permits gases to flow through the chamber when the pressure is greater than ambient; and prohibits air flow when the pressure is less than or equal to ambient;
an adhesive binding the filter media layer, the dry strap and lifter ring together.
12. The reversed valve of claim 11. wherein a first adhesive layer is positioned between the filter media and the PSAbody film and a second adhesive layer is positioned between the dry strap and the lifter ring.
13. The reversed valve of claim 11, wherein the filter media is circular shaped.
14. The reversed valve of claim 11, wherein the filter media filters particles down to 0.1 micron in size.
15. The reversed valve of claim 11, wherein the dry strap is configured to permit gases to pass through the lifter ring to the PSAbody film.
16. The reversed valve of claim 11, wherein the dry strap is oblong shaped.
17. The reversed valve of claim 11, wherein the dry strap creates a one-way flow of gas.
18. The reversed valve of claim 11, in which the lifter ring is made of a polyolefin type material.