All The Claims

1. A method of manufacturing a photoactive layer of an organic photovoltaic cell using aerosol jet printing, comprising:
preparing a photoactive solution for an organic photovoltaic cell (step 1);
atomizing the photoactive solution prepared in step 1 and transferring it to an aerosol jet nozzle (step 2); and
jetting the photoactive solution in a mist form, atomized and transferred to the aerosol jet nozzle in step 2, onto a transparent electrode, thus causing spontaneous crystallization, thereby forming a photoactive layer (step 3); and optionally, sintering the photoactive layer deposited in step 3 (step 4).
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive solution is obtained by dissolving an electron donor and an electron acceptor in an organic solvent.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the electron donor is a p-type organic semiconductor material having a band gap of 2.5\u02dc1.4 eV.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the p-type organic semiconductor material is selected from a group consisting of poly2-methoxy-5-(2\u2032-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV), poly2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene (MDMO-PPV), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and mixtures thereof.
5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the electron acceptor is an n-type organic semiconductor material, including fullerene and derivatives thereof.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the n-type organic semiconductor material is selected from a group consisting of phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof.
7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the organic solvent is selected from a group consisting of benzene, toluene, trimethylbenzene, xylene, dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, and mixtures thereof.
8. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the photoactive solution, the electron donor and the electron acceptor are used in an amount of 0.1\u02dc2.5 wt %.
9. The method according to claim 2, wherein a blend ratio by weight of the electron donor and the electron acceptor, which are added to the organic solvent, is set to 1:0.3\u02dc1:5.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the atomizing in step 2 is conducted by applying ultrasonic waves ranging from 20 kHz to 200 MHz to the photoactive solution prepared in step 1.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the atomizing in step 2 is conducted by subjecting the photoactive solution prepared in step 1 to a pneumatic process using compressed air of 0.01\u02dc5 psi.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive solution atomized in step 2 is transferred to the aerosol jet nozzle using an inert gas as a carrier gas.
13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the jetting in step 3 is facilitated with additional use of a sheath gas to increase a flow rate of the carrier gas.
14. A photoactive layer of an organic photovoltaic cell, which is manufactured through the method of claim 1, and is any one selected from among a single organic active layer comprising a blend of an electron donor and an electron acceptor, and photoactive layers having multilayer structures, as shown in (a)\u02dc(e) below:
(a) donor layeracceptor layer
(b) donor layerdonor-acceptor blend layeracceptor layer
(c) donor-acceptor blend layerelectron-hole recombination layerdonor-acceptor blend layer
(d) donor layeracceptor layerelectron-hole recombination layerdonor layeracceptor layer
(e) donor layerdonor-acceptor blend layeracceptor layerelectron-hole recombination layerdonor layerdonor-acceptor blend layeracceptor layer.
15. An organic photovoltaic cell, comprising a transparent electrode layer, a hole injection layer, a photoactive layer, and an electrode layer, which are sequentially formed on a substrate;
wherein the photoactive layer is manufactured through the method of claim 1 and is any one selected from among a single organic active layer comprising a blend of an electron donor and an electron acceptor, and photoactive layers having multilayer structures as shown in (a)\u02dc(e) below:
(a) donor layeracceptor layer
(b) donor layerdonor-acceptor blend layeracceptor layer
(c) donor-acceptor blend layerelectron-hole recombination layerdonor-acceptor blend layer
(d) donor layeracceptor layerelectron-hole recombination layerdonor layeracceptor layer
(e) donor layerdonor-acceptor blend layeracceptor layerelectron-hole recombination layerdonor layerdonor-acceptor blend layeracceptor layer.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A compound having the formula:
wherein
X is selected from the group consisting of O and S;
R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxy C1-C6 alkyl, and phenyl; and
R3 and R4 come together to form one of a benzo ring, a heteroaryl ring, and a substituted heteroaryl ring, wherein the heteroaryl substituents are one or more of amino, C1-C6 alkyl, and amino C1-C6 alkyl.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 and R4 come together to form a benzo ring.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 and R4 come together to form a heteroaryl ring or substituted heteroaryl ring, the compound having the formula:
wherein Y is C or N, provided that at least one Y is N and n is an integer from 0 to 3 and R5 is selected from the group consisting of amino, C1-C6 alkyl, and amino C1-C6 alkyl.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound fluoresces with an emission maximum at a wavelength from 300 nm to 600 nm.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound fluoresces with an emission maximum at a wavelength from 450 nm to 500 nm.
6. An electronic device comprising:
a compound having a formula
wherein
X is selected from the group consisting of O and S;
R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxy C1-C6 alkyl, and phenyl; and
R3 and R4 come together to form one of a benzo ring, a heteroaryl ring, and a substituted heteroaryl ring, wherein the heteroaryl substituents are one or more of amino, C1-C6 alkyl, and amino C1-C6 alkyl.
7. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the device is selected from a liquid crystal display screen and an organic light emitting diode.

1. A nanoheater comprising:
a first reactive member;
an interlayer in communication with at least a portion of the first reactive member; and
a second reactive member separated from the first reactive member by the interlayer such that an interaction between the first reactive member and the second reactive member yields at least one exothermic reaction.
2. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the first reactive member is positioned over a substrate.
3. The nanoheater of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises a layer or film.
4. The nanoheater of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises a thickness of about 10 to 100 nm.
5. The nanoheater of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises silicon, metals, silicon dioxide, alloys, metal alloys, polymers, glass, refractory metal alloys, ceramics, insulators, composite materials or combinations thereof.
6. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the first reactive member comprises a layer or film.
7. The nanoheater of claim 6, wherein the first reactive member comprises a thickness of about 10 to 100 nm.
8. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the first reactive member comprises a transition metal, metal or combinations thereof.
9. The nanoheater of claim 8, wherein the transition metal or metal of the first reactive member comprises nickel, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, chromium, cobalt, iron, cadmium, platinum, copper, rhenium or combinations thereof.
10. The nanoheater of claim 9, wherein the transition metal or metal of the first reactive member comprises nickel or aluminum.
11. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the interlayer has a thickness of about 10 to 100 nm.
12. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the interlayer comprises at least one pore.
13. The nanoheater of claim 12, wherein at least one pore comprises a diameter from about 10 to 50 nm.
14. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the interlayer comprises at least two pores.
15. The nanoheater of claim 14, wherein at least two pores comprise diameters from about 10 to 50 nm.
16. The nanoheater of claim 15, wherein at least two pores are from about 50 to 100 nm apart.
17. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the interlayer comprises aluminum oxide, zeolites, AAO, aerogels, a fibrous material or combinations thereof.
18. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the interlayer interacts with an ignition source.
19. The nanoheater of claim 18, wherein the ignition source provides for radio frequency pulsation, plasmonic induction, microwave excitation, infrared irradiation or combinations thereof of the interlayer.
20. The nanoheater of claim 18, wherein the ignition source provides a voltage, current or combinations thereof to the interlayer.
21. The nanoheater of claim 18, wherein the ignition source provides heat to the interlayer.
22. The nanoheater of claim 18, wherein actuation of the ignition source allows the first and second reactive members to contact each other.
23. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the second reactive member comprises a layer or film.
24. The nanoheater of claim 23, wherein the second reactive member comprises a thickness of about 10 to 100 nm.
25. The nanoheater of claim 1, wherein the second reactive member comprises a metal, metal oxide or combinations thereof.
26. The nanoheater of claim 25, wherein the metal or metal oxide of the second reactive member comprises aluminum or iron oxide.
27. The nanoheater of claim 1 further comprising:
a plurality of first reactive members;
an interlayer disposed in communication with at least a portion of one first reactive member; and
a plurality of second reactive members, wherein at least one first and one second reactive member are separated by the interlayer and contact therebetween yields at least one exothermic reaction.
28. A nanoheater system comprising:
at least one nanoheater element;
a substrate having the at least one nanoheater element positioned on the substrate.
29. The nanoheater system of claim 28 further comprising a plurality of nanoheater elements positioned on the substrate.
30. The nanoheater system of claim 29, wherein at least two nanoheater elements are in communication via an interconnect.
31. The nanoheater system of claim 30, wherein the interconnect is in communication with an ignition source.
32-44. (canceled)
45. A nanoheater element comprising:
a first reactive member; and
a second reactive member separated from the first reactive member by a valve member, such that actuation of the valve yields at least one exothermic reaction.
46. The nanoheater element of claim 45, wherein the valve member comprises a layer, film, membrane, device, a fibrous layer, conduit or combination thereof.
47. A method of heating comprising:
providing a nanoheater element;
initiating a reaction between at least one first reactive member and one second reactive member with a valve; and
producing heat through at least one exothermic reaction.
48. The method of claim 47 wherein the valve includes a plurality or pores of a membrane.
49. The method of claim 47 further comprising using radiation or a electrical current to initiate the reaction.
50. A method of forming a nanoheater comprising:
providing a membrane having a pore;
forming at least a first reactive material in the pore of the membrane; and
forming a second reactive material positioned relative to the first reactive material to form a nanoheater.
51. The method of claim 50 further comprising providing a membrane in which the pore has a height to diameter ratio that is 3 or less.
52. The method of claim 51 further comprising providing a plurality of pores in the membrane, each pore having a ratio of height to diameter of 2 or less.
53. The method of claim 50 wherein the membrane comprises anodized aluminum oxide.
54-60. (canceled)

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method comprising facilitating access, including granting access rights, to an interface to allow access to a service via a network, the service comprising:
tracking activity at one or more network sources associated with a user;
generating one audio stream that summarizes the activity over a particular time period; and
causing the audio stream to be delivered to a particular device associated with the user,
wherein a duration of a complete rendering of the audio stream is shorter than the particular time period.
2. A method of claim 1, wherein the particular time period is about one day.
3. A method of claim 1, further comprising receiving user input that indicates control of the audio stream.
4. A method of claim 1, wherein tracking activity comprises determining a time and content associated with an action at the one or more network sources, wherein the action is a member of a group comprising:
content that is rendered;
a communication with a contact;
an application that is executed;
a posting to a social network service by a subscriber who is associated with the user; and
data entered by the user.
5. A method of claim 1, wherein generating the audio stream further comprises converting text determined during tracking the activity into speech.
6. A method of claim 5, wherein converting text into speech further comprises converting text to a celebrity voice.
7. A method of claim 1, wherein generating the audio stream further comprises:
determining audio content related to a particular activity; and,
adding the audio content as background to a summary of the particular activity.
8. A method of claim 1, further comprising causing to be delivered a link to content related to at least a portion of the audio stream.
9. A method of claim 8, further comprising receiving user input that indicates action on the link.
10. A method of claim 1, wherein generating one audio stream that summarizes the activity further comprises
determining relevance for at least one of each activity or each portion of text associated with an activity; and,
generating the audio stream based only on at least one of a most relevant activity or a most relevant portion of text of the most relevant activity.
11. A method of claim 1, wherein the particular device is a mobile device.
12. An apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and
at least one memory including computer program code,
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following,
track activity at one or more network sources associated with a user;
generate one audio stream that summarizes the activity over a particular time period; and
cause the audio stream to be delivered to a particular device associated with the user,

wherein a duration of a complete rendering of the audio stream is shorter than the particular time period.
13. An apparatus of claim 12, wherein to track activity further comprises to determine a time and text associated with an action at the one or more network sources, wherein the action is a member of a group comprising:
content that is rendered;
a communication with a contact;
an application that is executed;
a posting to a social network service by a subscriber who is associated with the user; and
data entered by the user.
14. An apparatus of claim 12, wherein to generate the audio stream further comprises to convert text determined during tracking the activity into voice.
15. An apparatus of claim 12, wherein the particular device is a mobile phone further comprising:
user interface circuitry and user interface software configured to facilitate user control of at least some functions of the mobile phone through use of a display and configured to respond to user input; and
a display and display circuitry configured to display at least a portion of a user interface of the mobile phone, the display and display circuitry configured to facilitate user control of at least some functions of the mobile phone.
16. An apparatus of claim 12, wherein the particular device is an audio interface unit further comprising: user interface circuitry and user interface software configured to facilitate user control of at least some functions of the audio interface unit through use of a speaker and configured to respond to user input.
17. A computer-readable storage medium carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause an apparatus to at least perform the following steps:
track activity at one or more network sources associated with a user;
generate one audio stream that summarizes the activity over a particular time period; and
cause the audio stream to be delivered to a particular device associated with the user,
wherein a duration of a complete rendering of the audio stream is shorter than the particular time period
18. A computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein to track activity comprises to determine a time and text associated with an action at the one or more network sources, wherein the action is a member of a group comprising:
content that is rendered;
a communication with a contact;
an application that is executed;
a posting to a social network service by a subscriber who is associated with the user; and
data entered by the user.
19. A computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein to generate the audio stream further comprises converting text determined during tracking the activity into voice.
20. A computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the apparatus is caused, at least in part, to further cause to be delivered a link to content related to at least a portion of the audio stream.