All The Claims

1. A laparoscopic apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
a handle having a body portion, a top surface, opposite bottom surface, a proximal and distal end;
a shaft projecting from the distal end of the handle, the shaft having a proximal and distal end;
a control sphere located on the handle; and
an end effector located at the distal end of the shaft, wherein the end effector is connected to the control sphere such that movements made to the control sphere control move the end effector.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the end effector is spherical and further comprises two wings holding graspers.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the graspers are jawed end effectors, cutting forceps or are powered for cauterizing.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a collet mechanism located at the distal end of the handle, wherein the collet mechanism allows rotation of the shaft and end effector.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a tactile element at the top of the control sphere that aligns the control sphere with the shaft.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein if the tactile element on the control sphere is moved upward, the end effector is moved upward.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein if the tactile element on the control sphere is moved downward, the end effector is moved downward.
8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein if the tactile element on the control sphere is moved to the right, the end effector is moved to the right.
9. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein if the tactile element on the control sphere is moved to the left, the end effector is moved to the left.
10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the control sphere is located about 3 to 4 centimeters from the collet mechanism and is in line with the shaft.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control sphere is about three times larger than the end effector.
12. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising:
an actuator rod for opening and closing the graspers.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising:
a pull cylinder connected to the actuator rod, wherein the pull cylinder moves the actuator rod back and forth.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein if the pull cylinder is moved toward the control sphere, the graspers are opened.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein if the pull cylinder is moved away from the control sphere, the graspers are opened.
16. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more control cables within the shaft connecting the control sphere and end effector.
17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more control cables control the pitch and yaw of the end effector.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more control cables are fed through one or more wire guides to prevent the end effector and the control sphere from having shaft-independent rotation.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the one or more control cables are rotated about 180 degrees between the control sphere and the end effector.
20. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising: a lever projecting from the bottom of the handle, wherein the lever can be actuated by the user.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the lever is a squeeze grip.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein when the squeeze grip is actuated by the user, the graspers close.
23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein when the squeeze group is opened, the graspers open.
24. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising:
a slip lock to prevent the raspers from opening when the squeeze grip is actuated by the user.
25. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control sphere is located near the distal end of the top surface of the handle.
26. An ergonomic handle apparatus for use with a tool, the handle comprising:
a base having a body portion, a top surface, opposite bottom surface, a proximal and a distal end,
the top surface of the base being contoured to compliment the natural curve of the palm;
a control sphere located on the base, wherein the control sphere can be moved by one or more of a user’s fingers to indicate direction; and
at least one lever projecting from the bottom surface, wherein the lever may be actuated by a user.
27. The handle apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one lever has a pivot point located toward the distal end of the handle.
28. The handle apparatus of claim 26, wherein the handle circumference is between about 4 cm and about 6.5 cm.
29. The handle apparatus of claim 28, wherein the handle length is between about 150 and 165 mm.
30. The handle apparatus of claim 29, wherein the handle with is between about 40 and 50 mm.
31. The handle apparatus of claim 26, further comprising:
a tool shaft projecting from the distal end of the handle.
32. The handle apparatus of claim 31, wherein the distal end of the base is curved such that the tool shaft is angled at about 135 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the base.
33. The handle apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one projecting lever is a squeeze grip.
34. The handle apparatus of claim 33, wherein the squeeze grip is open about 4 to 18 degrees from the bottom surface of the base when it is not actuated by a user.
35. The handle apparatus of claim 33, wherein the squeeze grip is open 0 degrees from the bottom surface of the base when actuated by a user.
36. The handle apparatus of claim 26, wherein the base is shaped such that a user’s thumb controls the control sphere.
37. The handle apparatus of claim 36, wherein a user’s fingers wrap around the base of the handle and the at least one lever such that the fingers are able to actuate the lever.
38. The handle apparatus of claim 26, wherein the base is shaped such that a user’s fingers wrap across the top surface of the base such that a user’s index finger controls the control sphere.
39. The handle apparatus of claim 38, wherein the user’s thumb is positioned to squeeze the at least one projecting lever.
40. The handle apparatus of claim 26, wherein the control sphere is located near the distal end of the top surface of the base.
41. A laparoscopic apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
a handle having a body portion, a top surface, opposite bottom surface, a proximal and distal end;
the top surface of the base being contoured to compliment the natural curve of the palm;
a shaft projecting from the distal end of the handle, the shaft having a proximal and distal end;
a control sphere located on the handle, wherein the control sphere can be moved by one or more of a user’s fingers to indicate direction; and
an end effector located at the distal end of the shaft, wherein the end effector is connected to the control sphere such that movements made to the control sphere control cause movement of the end effector.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. In a computer system, a method of calling an unknown base in a sample nucleic acid sequence, the method comprising the steps of:
inputting a plurality of hybridization probe intensities, each of the probe intensities corresponding to a nucleic acid probe;
for each of the plurality of probe intensities, determining a probability that the corresponding nucleic acid probe best hybridizes with the sample nucleic acid sequence and
calling the unknown base according to the nucleic acid probe with the highest associated probability.
2-29. (canceled)

1. An apparatus comprising:
a transconductance circuit that receives an input signal and that generates a first amplified signal and a second amplified signal; and
a mixing circuit having:
a first mixer that is coupled to the transconductance circuit so as to receive the first amplified signal, wherein the first mixer mixes the first amplified signal with a mixing signal, wherein the mixing signal has a duty cycle that is a fraction of a local oscillator duty cycle;
a second mixer that is coupled to the transconductance circuit so as to receive the second amplified signal, wherein the second mixer mixes the second amplified signal with the mixing signal;
an first impedance network that is coupled each of the first and second mixers, wherein the first impedance network is adapted to have an feedback impedance;
a second impedance network that is coupled each of the first and second mixers, wherein the second impedance network is adapted to have the feedback impedance; and
a differential amplifier that is coupled to each impedance network, wherein the mixing circuit further comprises:
a first capacitor that is coupled between the transconductance circuit and the first mixer; and
a second capacitor that is coupled between the transconductance circuit and the second mixer,

wherein the first impedance network further comprises:
a first resistor that is coupled to the first mixer;
a second resistor that is coupled in series with the first resistor, wherein a collective impedance of the first and second resistors is approximately equal to the feedback impedance, and wherein the second mixer is coupled to a node between the first and second resistors; and
a first switch that is coupled in parallel to the first resistor.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first impedance network further comprises:
a third resistor that is coupled to the first mixer;
a fourth resistor that is coupled in series with the third resistor, wherein a collective impedance of the third and fourth resistors is approximately equal to the feedback impedance, and wherein the second mixer is coupled to a node between the first and second resistors; and
a second switch that is coupled in parallel to the first resistor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first impedance network further comprises a first resistor having the feedback impedance and wherein the second impedance network further comprises a second resistor having the feedback impedance.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the mixing circuit further comprises a dummy path that is coupled to the second capacitor.
5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the differential amplifier further comprises a first differential amplifier, and wherein the dummy path further comprises:
a third mixer that is coupled to the second capacitor; and
a second differential amplifier that is coupled to the third mixer.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the fraction further comprises a first fraction, and wherein the mixing signal further comprises a first mixing signal, and wherein the third mixer mixes the second amplified signal with a second mixing signal having a duty cycle that is a second fraction of the local oscillator duty cycle.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the transistors from each of first and second mixers have a first size, and wherein the transistors from the third mixer have a second size.
8. An apparatus comprising:
a transconductance circuit that generates a first amplified signal and a second amplified signal, wherein the transconductance circuit includes:
a first current source having a first current;
a second current source having a second current, wherein the second current is K-times larger than the first current;
a first transistor that is coupled to the first current source and that receives a first bias voltage;
a second transistor that is coupled to the first transistor and that receives an input signal and a second bias voltage;
a third transistor that is coupled to the second current source and that receives first bias voltage; and
a fourth transistor that is coupled to the third transistor and that receives the input signal and the second bias voltage; and

a mixing circuit having:
a first mixer that is coupled to the transconductance circuit so as to receive the first amplified signal, wherein the first mixer mixes the first amplified signal with a mixing signal, wherein the mixing signal has a duty cycle that is a fraction of a local oscillator duty cycle;
a second mixer that is coupled to the transconductance circuit so as to receive the second amplified signal, wherein the second mixer mixes the second amplified signal with the mixing signal;
an first impedance network that is coupled each of the first and second mixers, wherein the first impedance network is adapted to have an feedback impedance;
a second impedance network that is coupled each of the first and second mixers, wherein the second impedance network is adapted to have the feedback impedance; and
a differential amplifier that is coupled to each impedance network.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the transconductance circuit further comprises:
a resistor that is coupled to the fourth transistor and that receives the second bias voltage; and
a capacitor that is coupled to the fourth transistor and that receives the input signal.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the mixing circuit further comprises:
a first capacitor that is coupled between the transconductance circuit and the first mixer; and
a second capacitor that is coupled between the transconductance circuit and the second mixer.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first impedance network further comprises:
a first resistor that is coupled to the first mixer;
a second resistor that is coupled in series with the first resistor, wherein a collective impedance of the first and second resistors is approximately equal to the feedback impedance, and wherein the second mixer is coupled to a node between the first and second resistors; and
a first switch that is coupled in parallel to the first resistor.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first impedance network further comprises:
a third resistor that is coupled to the first mixer;
a fourth resistor that is coupled in series with the third resistor, wherein a collective impedance of the third and fourth resistors is approximately equal to the feedback impedance, and wherein the second mixer is coupled to a node between the first and second resistors; and
a second switch that is coupled in parallel to the first resistor.
13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first impedance network further comprises a first resistor having the feedback impedance and wherein the second impedance network further comprises a second resistor having the feedback impedance.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the mixing circuit further comprises a dummy path that is coupled to second capacitor.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the differential amplifier further comprises a first differential amplifier, and wherein the dummy path further comprises:
a third mixer that is coupled to the second capacitor; and
a second differential amplifier that is coupled to the third mixer.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the fraction further comprises a first fraction, and wherein the mixing signal further comprises a first mixing signal, and wherein the third mixer mixes the second amplified signal with a second mixing signal having a duty cycle that is a second fraction of the local oscillator duty cycle.
17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the transistors from each of first and second mixers have a first size, and wherein the transistors from the third mixer have a second size of K\u22121 times of the first size.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A golf club head, comprising:
a first part including a first side wall extending around the golf club head, wherein the first side wall ends at a first edge that defines an open side of the first part, and wherein a first interior surface of the first side wall has a draft angle of 0\xb0 or more, with respect to a first pulling direction as the first interior surface extends in a direction toward the first edge;
a second part including a second side wall extending around the golf club head, wherein the second side wall ends at a second edge that defines an open side of the second part, and wherein a second interior surface of the second side wall has a draft angle of 0\xb0 or more, with respect to a second pulling direction, as the second interior surface extends toward the second edge,
a third part including a third edge and a fourth edge;
wherein the first part and the third part are engaged with one another over at least a portion of the first edge and at least a portion of the third edge, and
wherein the second part and the third part are engaged with one another over at least a portion of the second edge and at least a portion of the fourth edge.
2. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the third part includes a third side wall extending around the golf club head, wherein the third side wall ends at the third edge that defines an open side of the third part, and wherein an interior surface of the third side wall has a draft angle of 0\xb0 or more, with respect to a second pulling direction, as the second interior surface extends toward the second edge.
3. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the first pulling direction and the second pulling direction are not parallel.
4. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the first part and the second part are molded parts.
5. A golf club head according to claim 4, wherein the third part is a molded part.
6. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the third part extends around the club head.
7. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the third part has a C-shape.
8. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the first part includes at least a portion of a ball striking face member of the golf club head at a location opposite the first edge, and wherein the second part includes a closed end opposite the second edge.
9. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the draft angle of the first interior surface is greater than 0\xb0, and wherein the draft angle of the second interior surface is greater than 0\xb0.
10. A golf club head according to claim 1, wherein the first part engages the third part with a lap joint, and wherein the second part engages the third part with a lap joint.
11. A golf club head, comprising:
a first part including a first side wall extending around the golf club head, wherein the first side wall ends at a first edge that defines an open side of the first part, and wherein a first interior surface of the first side wall has a draft angle of 0\xb0 or more, with respect to a first pulling direction, as the first interior surface extends in a direction toward the first edge;
a second part including a second side wall extending around the golf club head, wherein the second side wall ends at a second edge that defines an open side of the third part, wherein a second interior surface of the second side wall has a draft angle of 0\xb0 or more, with respect to a second pulling direction, as the second interior surface extends in a direction toward the second edge,
a third part engaged with the first part over at least a portion of the first edge to thereby form at least a portion of a first parting line;
wherein the second part and the third part are engaged with one another over at least a portion of the second edge to thereby form at least a portion of a second parting line; and
wherein the first part and second part are molded parts.
12. A golf club head according to claim 11, wherein the first parting line extends completely around the golf club head.
13. A golf club head according to claim 11, wherein the first pulling direction and the second pulling direction are not parallel.
14. A golf club head according to claim 11, wherein the first parting line is non-linear.
15. A golf club head according to claim 11, wherein the third part is a molded part.
16. A golf club head according to claim 11, wherein the first part engages the third part with a lap joint, and the second part engages the third part with a lap joint.
17. A golf club head, comprising:
a first part including a first side wall extending around the golf club head, wherein the first side wall ends at a first edge that defines an open side of the first part, and wherein a first interior surface of the first side wall has a draft angle of 0\xb0 or more, with respect to a first pulling direction as the first interior surface extends in a direction toward the first edge;
a second part including a second side wall extending around the golf club head, wherein the second side wall ends at a second edge that defines an open side of the second part, and wherein a second interior surface of the second side wall has a draft angle of 0\xb0 or more, with respect to a second pulling direction, as the second interior surface extends toward the second edge,
a third part includes a third edge and a fourth edge;
wherein the first part and the third part are engaged with one another over at least a portion of the first edge and at least a portion of the third edge;
wherein the second part and the third part are engaged with one another over at least a portion of the second edge and at least a portion of the fourth edge; and
wherein the first part and the second part are engaged with one another over at least a portion of the first edge and at least a portion of the second edge.
18. A golf club head according to claim 18, wherein the first part and the second part are molded parts.
19. A golf club head according to claim 19, wherein the third part is a molded part.
20. A golf club head according to claim 18, wherein the first part engages the third part with a lap joint, the second part engages the third part with a lap joint, and the first part engages the second part with a lap joint.