1. An aqueous polymer dispersion comprising a chain growth addition polymer obtained via free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization from one or more ethylenically unsaturated, free-radically polymerizable monomers,
wherein the chain growth addition polymer comprises of not less than 50 wt % from primary monomers selected from the group consisting of vinylaromatic compounds, conjugated aliphatic dienes, vinyl esters of saturated C1- to C20-carboxylic acids, esters of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid with monohydric C1- to C20-alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and one or two double bonds, and mixtures thereof,
wherein the monomers are polymerized in the presence of lignosulfonate, and wherein the chain growth addition polymer is branched or crosslinked via copolymerization of at least one branching or crosslinking monomer other than the primary monomers and selected from monomers having two or more free-radically polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated groups.
2. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the primary monomers are selected from the group consisting of styrene, butadiene, C1 to C20 alkyl(meth)acrylates, vinyl acetate and ethylene.
3. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the polymers are polymerized in the presence of lignosulfonate in an amount of 10 to 100 parts by weight, based on the sum total of all monomers.
4. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the chain growth addition polymer comprises not less than 50 wt % of mixtures of butadiene and styrene or not less than 50 wt % of mixtures of C1 to C20 alkyl(meth)acrylates and styrene.
5. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the chain growth addition polymer comprises not less than 0.1 wt % from one or more secondary monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylenically unsaturated carbonitriles, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylacrylamides, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamides, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylates, glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate.
6. The aqueous polymer dispersion, according to claim 5, wherein the secondary monomers are polymerized with the monomers in an amount of from 0.2 to 10 wt %, and the secondary monomers are selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, glycidyl(meth)acrylate and dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate.
7. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the chain growth addition polymer is branched or crosslinked by 0.01 to 5 part by weight of copolymerized alkanediol di(meth)acrylates, based on 100 parts by weight of monomers.
8. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the particles of chain growth addition polymer dispersed in the polymer dispersion have an average diameter from 80 to 300 nm.
9. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the chain growth addition polymer has a glass transition temperature of less than 50\xb0 C.
10. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, comprising
(A1) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one vinylaromatic compound,
(B1) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one conjugated aliphatic diene,
(C1) from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated acid and
(D1) from 0 to 20 parts by weight of at least one further monoethylenically unsaturated monomer other than the monomers (A1) to (C1);
(E1) from 0.01 to 5 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of monomers, of copolymerizing, branching or crosslinking monomers selected from monomers having two or more free-radically polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated groups, and
from 10 to 100 parts by weight of lignosulfonate per 100 parts by weight of monomers;
or
(A2) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one vinylaromatic compound,
(B2) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one monomer selected from C1- to C18-alkyl esters of acrylic acid and C1- to C18-alkyl esters of methacrylic acid;
(C2) from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated acid and
(D2) from 0 to 20 parts by weight of at least one further monoethylenically unsaturated monomer other than the monomers (A2) to (C2);
(E2) from 0.01 to 5 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of monomers, of copolymerizing, branching or crosslinking monomers selected from monomers having two or more free-radically polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated groups, and
from 10 to 80 parts by weight of lignosulfonate per 100 parts by weight of monomers,
wherein the sum total of the parts by weight of the monomers (A1) to (E1) or (A2) to (E2) is in each case 100.
11. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 10, wherein (D1) and (D2), if present, are used in amounts of 0.1-15 parts by weight, and
the vinylaromatic compound is selected from styrene, methylstyrene and mixtures thereof,
the conjugated aliphatic diene is selected from 1,3-butadiene, isoprene and mixtures thereof, and
the ethylenically unsaturated acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, vinylacetic acid, vinyllactic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, acrylomidomethylpropanesulfonic acid, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, vinylphosphonic acid and salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.
12. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion polymerization is effected in an aqueous medium in the presence of a free-radical initiator and one or more carbohydrate compound, wherein the carbohydrate compound is a degraded starch.
13. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion polymerization is effected in the presence of seed particles.
14. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the initiator of the free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization is a reduction-oxidation initiator system.
15. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 14, wherein the reduction component of the initiator is sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate, acetone bisulfide or soluble metal compounds whose metallic component can occur in two or more valence states or mixtures thereof, and the oxidation component of the initiator is H2O2 or a peroxide which forms hydrophobic free radicals.
16. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization initiator for the free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization is Fe2+H2O2, sodium hydroxymethanesulfinatetert-butyl hydroperoxide or acetone bisulfidetert-butyl hydroperoxide.
17. The aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1, comprising
(A1) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one vinylaromatic compound,
(B1) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one conjugated aliphatic diene,
(C1) from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated acid and
(D1) from 0.2 to 10 wt % of at least one secondary monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, glycidyl(meth)acrylate and dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate;
(E1) from 0.01 to 5 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of monomers, of copolymerizing, branching or crosslinking monomers selected from monomers having two or more free-radically polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated groups, and
from 10 to 100 parts by weight of lignosulfonate per 100 parts by weight of monomers;
or
(A2) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one vinylaromatic compound,
(B2) from 19.8 to 80 parts by weight of at least one monomer selected from C1- to C18-alkyl esters of acrylic acid and C1- to C18-alkyl esters of methacrylic acid;
(C2) from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated acid and
(D2) from 0.2 to 10 wt % of at least one secondary monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, glycidyl(meth)acrylate and dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate;
(E2) from 0.01 to 5 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of monomers, of copolymerizing, branching or crosslinking monomers selected from monomers having two or more free-radically polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated groups, and
from 10 to 80 parts by weight of lignosulfonate per 100 parts by weight of monomers,
wherein the sum total of the parts by weight of the monomers (A1) to (E1) or (A2) to (E2) is in each case 100,
and wherein sodium hydroxymethanesulfinatetert-butyl peroxide or Fe2+H2O2 is used in either case as the polymerization initiator.
18. A method for preparing the aqueous polymer dispersions according claim 1, wherein an emulsion polymerization is initiated free-radically and a chain growth addition polymer is formed from one or more ethylenically unsaturated, free-radically polymerizable monomers,
wherein the chain growth addition polymer is formed to an extent of not less than 50 wt % from primary monomers selected from the group consisting of vinylaromatic compounds, conjugated aliphatic dienes, vinyl esters of saturated C1- to C20-carboxylic acids, esters of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid with monohydric C1- to C20-alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and one or two double bonds, and mixtures thereof,
wherein the monomers are polymerized in the presence of lignosulfonate and wherein the chain growth addition polymer is branched or crosslinked via copolymerization of at least one branching or crosslinking monomer selected from monomers having two or more free-radically polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated groups.
19. (canceled)
20. A paper coating composition comprising
(i) inorganic pigments and
(ii) an aqueous polymer dispersion comprising an emulsion polymer according to claim 1.
21. A paper or card coated with the paper coating composition of claim 20.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claims which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. (canceled)
2. (canceled)
3. (canceled)
4. (canceled)
5. (canceled)
6. (canceled)
7. An integrated repeater for relaying a signal received from an upper device to a lower device, comprising:
a first receiver configured to receive a first mobile communication signal transmitted from a mobile communication base station which is the upper device;
a second receiver configured to receive an Ethernet signal transmitted from an Ethernet equipment which is the upper device;
a first multiplexer configured to multiplex the first mobile communication signal received from the first receiver and the Ethernet signal received from the second receiver; and
a switching unit configured to be selectively connected to either the second receiver or the first multiplexer to deliver the signal output from the second receiver or the first multiplexer to the lower device, depending on whether a fault of the mobile communication signal is generated.
8. The integrated repeater according to claim 7, wherein the switching unit is connected to the second receiver to deliver only the Ethernet signal to the lower device, not through the first multiplexer, when a fault of the mobile communication signal is generated.
9. The integrated repeater according to claim 7, which is connected to the lower device through a UTP cable installed inside a building.
10. The integrated repeater according to claim 9, which further comprises a power supply unit configured to supply a power through the UTP cable which is connected to a LAN connecter to the lower device.
11. The integrated repeater according to claim 7, which further comprises:
a third receiver configured to receive a second mobile communication signal from the upper device;
a second multiplexer configured to multiplex the first mobile communication signal received from the first receiver and the second mobile communication signal received from the third receiver; and
a transmitter configured to transmit the signal multiplexed in the second multiplexer to other lower device.
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. (canceled)
15. (canceled)