1. A negative electrode, wherein:
a negative electrode current collector has a conductive foil including a conductive substrate and a multiplicity of conductive lumpy projections provided at a surface of said substrate; and
said multiplicity of lumpy projections are so disposed that a plurality of said lumpy projections are aligned substantially in one direction to form a lumpy projection row and that a plurality of said lumpy projection rows are arrayed side by side at a predetermined interval in a direction substantially orthogonal to said one direction.
2. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 1, wherein said conductive foil is an electrolytic copper foil wherein a multiplicity of copper particulates serving as said multiplicity of lumpy projections are formed by an electrolytic treatment so as to cover substantially the whole part of a surface of an untreated copper foil serving as said substrate.
3. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 2, wherein said lumpy projection rows are arrayed side by side at a pitch of 1.3 to 2.8 \u03bcm.
4. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 2, wherein said electrolytic copper foil has a surface roughness in terms of ten-point mean roughness Rz of 1.5 to 5 \u03bcm.
5. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 1, wherein a negative electrode active material layer is formed to have a surface shape reflecting the shape of said lumpy projections of said negative electrode current collector.
6. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 1, wherein a negative electrode active material layer is formed by a vapor phase process andor a sintering process.
7. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 1, wherein a negative electrode active material layer contains elemental silicon or a silicon compound as an ingredient.
8. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 7, wherein said negative electrode active material layer contains oxygen as an ingredient, and the content of oxygen is 3 to 40 at %.
9. The negative electrode as set forth in claim 8, wherein said negative electrode active material layer has a high oxygen concentration layer high in oxygen concentration and a low oxygen concentration layer low in oxygen concentration, disposed in the thickness direction of said negative electrode active material layer.
10. A secondary cell comprising:
a positive electrode,
an electrolyte, and
a negative electrode as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 9,
wherein said negative electrode extends, in the direction in which said lumpy projection rows are arrayed side by side, during charging to form an extended negative electrode, and
wherein a region capable of accommodating said extended negative electrode is provided at a side of said negative electrode in the direction in which said negative electrode extends.
11. The secondary cell as set forth in claim 10, wherein said positive electrode and said negative electrode are rolled in an overlapping condition to form a rolled electrode body, and the roll axis direction of said rolled electrode body is a direction intersecting said one direction along which each said lumpy projection row is formed.
12. The secondary cell as set forth in claim 11, wherein said roll axis direction is said direction in which said lumpy projection rows are arrayed side by side.
13. The secondary cell as set forth in claim 11, wherein an outer package accommodating said rolled electrode body is of a tubular type, and a space is present between said outer package and a spacer provided on a side of the rolled electrode body in the roll axis direction.
14. The secondary cell as set forth in claim 13, wherein said outer package is composed mainly of iron or an iron alloy.
15. The secondary cell as set forth in claim 10, wherein said electrolyte contains a fluorine-containing compound in which a part or the whole part of hydrogen in a cyclic carbonic acid ester or chain carbonic acid ester is replaced by fluorine.
16. The secondary battery as set forth in claim 15, wherein said fluorine-containing compound is difluoroethylene carbonate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A liquid crystal display device comprising:
pixels;
individual and common electrodes provided for the pixels; and
a flicker compensation circuit provided with a capacitor through which a common voltage is supplied to the flicker compensation circuit, a variable resistor which changes the common voltage supplied through the capacitor, a switch which selects one of two different voltages, and an output circuit which combines an output of the variable resistor with that of the switch and supplies thus combined outputs to the common electrode as compensated common voltages.
2. A liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a controller to selectively control a first display mode with a first vertical scanning direction and a second display mode with a second vertical scanning direction reverse to said first vertical scanning direction.
3. A liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein said switch selects a first voltage at the first display mode and a second voltage at the second display mode.
4. A liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, wherein said liquid crystal display device is used for a car navigation.
5. A flicker compensation circuit, comprising:
a capacitor through which a common voltage is supplied;
a variable resistor which changes the common voltage supplied through the capacitor;
a switch which selects one of two different voltages; and
an output circuit which combines an output of the variable resistor with that of the switch.