1. A golf ball comprising a core and a cover, wherein the core has at least one layer formed from a rubber composition comprising:
(a) a base rubber;
(b) at least 0.05 parts by weight of a free radical initiator per 100 parts of the base rubber; and
(c) at least 0.15 parts by weight of a benzoquinone per 100 parts of the base rubber.
2. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein a ratio (PBQPFRI) of the amount of the benzoquinone present in the rubber composition (PBQ), measured in parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, to the amount of free radical initiator present in the rubber composition (PFRI), measured in parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, is from 0.05 to 2.
3. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein PBQPFRI is from 0.25 to 2.
4. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein PBQPFRI is at least 0.05 and less than 0.5.
5. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein PBQPFRI is at least 0.25 and less than 0.5.
6. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein PBQPFRI is from 0.25 to 0.45.
7. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the benzoquinone is selected from compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof:
wherein each R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (\u2014COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., \u2014COO\u2212M+) and esters thereof (\u2014COOR), an acetate group (\u2014CH2COOH) and esters thereof (\u2014CH2COOR), a formyl group (\u2014CHO), an acyl group (\u2014COR), an acetyl group (\u2014COCH3), a halogenated carbonyl group (\u2014COX), a sulfo group (\u2014SO3H) and esters thereof (\u2014SO3R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (\u2014SO2X), a sulfino group (\u2014SO2H), an alkylsulfinyl group (\u2014SOR), a carbamoyl group (\u2014CONH2), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (\u2014CN), an alkoxy group (\u2014OR), a hydroxy group (\u2014OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., \u2014O\u2212M+), an amino group (\u2014NH2), a nitro group (\u2014NO2), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group e.g., cumyl (\u2014C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl (\u2014CH2 phenyl), a nitroso group (\u2014NO), an acetamido group (\u2014NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (\u2014CH\u2550CH2).
8. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the benzoquinone is selected from methyl p-benzoquinone and tetrachloro p-benzoquinone.
9. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition comprises one or more coagents selected from metal salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates, wherein the metal is selected from magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum, lithium, and nickel; and wherein the total amount of metal salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates present in the rubber composition is less than 20 parts per 100 parts of the base rubber.
10. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition is substantially free of organosulfur compounds.
11. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the amount of the benzoquinone present in the rubber composition is at least 0.2 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber.
12. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core is a single layer.
13. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core comprises an inner core layer and an outer core layer, and wherein the inner core layer is formed from the rubber composition.
14. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core comprises an inner core layer and an outer core layer, and wherein the outer core layer is formed from the rubber composition
15. A golf ball comprising a core and a cover, wherein the core has at least one layer formed from a rubber composition comprising:
(a) a base rubber;
(b) at least 0.05 parts by weight of a free radical initiator per 100 parts of the base rubber; and
(c) at least 0.1 parts by weight of a benzoquinone per 100 parts of the base rubber, wherein the benzoquinone is selected from compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof:
\u2003wherein each R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: a metal salt of a carboxyl group (e.g., \u2014COO\u2212M+), an acetate group (\u2014CH2COOH) and esters thereof (\u2014CH2COOR), a hydroxy group (\u2014OH), a metal salt of a hydroxy group (e.g., \u2014O\u2212M+), an amino group (\u2014NH2), a nitro group (\u2014NO2), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group e.g., cumyl (\u2014C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl (\u2014CH2phenyl), a nitroso group (\u2014NO), an acetamido group (\u2014NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (\u2014CH\u2550CH2).
16. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the rubber composition comprises at least 0.2 parts by weight of the benzoquinone per 100 parts of the base rubber.
17. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein a ratio (PBQPFRI) of the amount of the benzoquinone present in the rubber composition (PBQ), measured in parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, to the amount of free radical initiator present in the rubber composition (PFRI), measured in parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, is at least 0.05.
18. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the rubber composition is substantially free of organosulfur compounds.
19. A golf ball comprising a core and a cover, wherein the core has at least one layer formed from a rubber composition comprising:
(a) a base rubber;
(b) at least 0.05 parts by weight of a free radical initiator, per 100 parts of the base rubber; and
(c) at least 0.15 parts by weight of a benzoquinone, per 100 parts of the base rubber;
wherein the benzoquinone is selected from compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof:
\u2003wherein each R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (\u2014COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., \u2014COO\u2212M+) and esters thereof (\u2014COOR), an acetate group (\u2014CH2COOH) and esters thereof (\u2014CH2COOR), a formyl group (\u2014CHO), an acyl group (\u2014COR), an acetyl group (\u2014COCH3), a halogenated carbonyl group (\u2014COX), a sulfo group (\u2014SO3H) and esters thereof (\u2014SO3R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (\u2014SO2X), a sulfino group (\u2014SO2H), an alkylsulfinyl group (\u2014SOR), a carbamoyl group (\u2014CONH2), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (\u2014CN), an alkoxy group (\u2014OR), a hydroxy group (\u2014OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., \u2014O\u2212M+), an amino group (\u2014NH2), a nitro group (\u2014NO2), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group e.g., cumyl (\u2014C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl (\u2014CH2phenyl), a nitroso group (\u2014NO), an acetamido group (\u2014NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (\u2014CH\u2550CH2);
wherein a ratio (PBQPFRI) of the amount of the benzoquinone present in the rubber composition (PBQ), measured in parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, to the amount of free radical initiator present in the rubber composition (PFRI), measured in parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, is from 0.25 to 2; and
wherein the rubber composition is substantially free of organosulfur compounds.
20. The golf ball of claim 19, wherein PBQPFRI is at least 0.25 and less than 0.5.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A radio direction finding antenna, comprising:
a dielectric material configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, the dielectric material having a first conductive surface; and
a radiating element disposed within the dielectric material and electrically isolated from the first conductive surface, the radiating element positioned a distance away from the axis of rotation and configured to be resonant at a predetermined frequency;
wherein rotation of the dielectric material and radiating element about the axis of rotation causes a Doppler effect in signals received by the radiating element;
wherein the radiating element is a first radiating element, and further comprising a second radiating element disposed within the dielectric material and electrically isolated from the first conductive surface, the second radiating element being coaxial with the axis of rotation and configured to receive positioning information from a position signal source.
2. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material is rotating at a rate higher than 5,000 revolutions per minute.
3. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, wherein the radiating element is a monopole radiator.
4. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 3, wherein the monopole radiator has a length equivalent to a quarter wavelength of the predetermined frequency.
5. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 3, wherein at least one of the distance and a length of the monopole radiator is less than one inch.
6. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, wherein the second radiating element is further configured to receive or send telemetry signals from a control source.
7. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, wherein the position signal source is a space vehicle.
8. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, further comprising a signal processor that determines, based upon the positioning information and the Doppler-modulated signal, a location of origin of the signal detected by the first radiating element.
9. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material has a second conductive surface that electrically contacts the second radiating element, the second conductive surface configured to capacitatively lengthen an effective length of the second radiating element.
10. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, wherein the predetermined frequency is greater than 0.5 Gigahertz.
11. A radio direction finding antenna, comprising:
a dielectric material configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, the dielectric material having a first conductive surface; and
a radiating element disposed within the dielectric material and electrically isolated from the first conductive surface, the radiating element positioned a distance away from the axis of rotation and configured to be resonant at a predetermined frequency;
wherein rotation of the dielectric material and radiating element about the axis of rotation causes a Doppler effect in signals received by the radiating element;
wherein the radiating element is a first radiating element and the predetermined frequency is a first predetermined frequency, and further including a second radiating element disposed within the dielectric material and electrically isolated from the first conductive surface, the second radiating element configured to be resonant at a second predetermined frequency;
wherein rotation of the dielectric material and the second radiating element about the axis of rotation causes a Doppler effect in signals received by the second radiating element.
12. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 11, wherein the second radiating element is disposed at the distance away from the axis of rotation.
13. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 11, wherein the distance is a first distance, and further wherein the second radiating element is disposed a second distance away from the axis of rotation.
14. The radio direction finding antenna of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material is disposed in a munitions fuse.
15. An artillery fuse, comprising:
a dielectric material configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, the dielectric material having a first conductive surface; and
a first radiating element disposed within the dielectric material and electrically isolated from the first conductive surface, the first radiating element positioned a distance away from the axis of rotation and configured to be resonant at a first predetermined frequency;
a second radiating element disposed within the dielectric material and electrically isolated from the first conductive surface, the second radiating element configured to be resonant at a second predetermined frequency;
wherein rotation of the dielectric material and the first and second radiating elements about the axis of rotation causes a Doppler effect in signals received by the radiating element.
16. The artillery fuse of claim 15, wherein the predetermined frequency is between about 0.4 Gigahertz and about 6.0 Gigahertz.