1. A compound of the general formula I:
wherein:
n is 3;
each of B1, B2 and Bn is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur;
A1 is selected from the group consisting of CR\u2033R\u2033\u2032, C\u2550O and C\u2550S;
A2 is CR\u2033R\u2033\u2032;
Y is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, phosphoryl choline, phosphoryl ethanolamine, phosphoryl serine, phosphoryl cardiolipin, phosphoryl inositol, ethylphosphocholine, phosphorylmethanol, phosphorylethanol, phosphorylpropanol, phosphorylbutanol, phosphorylethanolamine-N-lactose, phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy(propylene glycol), phosphoinositol-4-phosphate, phosphoinositol-4,5-biphosphonate, pyrophosphate, phosphoethanolamine-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate, dinitrophenyl-phosphoethanolamine and phosphoglycerol; and
each of X1 and X2 is independently a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon having the general formula II:
wherein:
m is an integer of 1-26; and
Z is selected from the group consisting of:
whereas:
W is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur; and
X2 comprises a Z selected from the group consisting of:
and wherein:
each of R1, R\u20321, R2, Rn, R\u2032n, each of R\u2033 and R\u2033\u2032 and each of Ra, R\u2032a, Rb, R\u2032b, . . . Rm\u22121, R\u2032m\u22121, Rm and R\u2032m is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a bond, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, halo, trihalomethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, amide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, C-carbamate, N-carbamate, C-thiocarboxy, S-thiocarboxy and amino, or, alternatively, at least two of R1, R\u20321, R2, . . . Rn and R\u2032n andor at least two of Ra, R\u2032a, Rb, R\u2032b, . . . Rm\u22121, R\u2032m\u22121, Rm and R\u2032m form at least one four-, five- or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heteroalicyclic ring; and
each of C1, C2, . . . Cn, and each of Ca, Cb, . . . Cm\u22121 and Cm is a chiral or non-chiral carbon atom, whereby each chiral carbon atom has a S-configuration andor a R-configuration,
a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug, a hydrate or a solvate thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein A1 is CR\u2033R\u2033\u2032.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of B1, B2 and Bn is oxygen.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein X1 is a saturated hydrocarbon having said general formula II, whereas Z is hydrogen.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein X, is a saturated hydrocarbon having said general Formula II, whereas said Z is
wherein W is oxygen and R\u2033 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl.
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising, as an active ingredient, the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, packaged in a packaging material and identified in print, in or on said packaging material, for use in the treatment of an inflammation associated with an endogenous oxidized lipid.
8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein said inflammation is associated with a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of an idiopathic inflammatory disease or disorder, a chronic inflammatory disease or disorder, an acute inflammatory disease or disorder, an autoimmune disease or disorder, an infectious disease or disorder, an inflammatory malignant disease or disorder, an inflammatory transplantation-related disease or disorder, an inflammatory degenerative disease or disorder, a disease or disorder associated with a hypersensitivity, an inflammatory cardiovascular disease or disorder, an inflammatory cerebrovascular disease or disorder, a peripheral vascular disease or disorder, an inflammatory glandular disease or disorder, an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease or disorder, an inflammatory cutaneous disease or disorder, an inflammatory hepatic disease or disorder, an inflammatory neurological disease or disorder, an inflammatory musculo-skeletal disease or disorder, an inflammatory renal disease or disorder, an inflammatory reproductive disease or disorder, an inflammatory systemic disease or disorder, an inflammatory connective tissue disease or disorder, an inflammatory tumor, necrosis, an inflammatory implant-related disease or disorder, an inflammatory aging process, an immunodeficiency disease or disorder, a proliferative disease or disorder and an inflammatory pulmonary disease or disorder.
9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein said inflammation is associated with a disease selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis.
10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, further comprising at least one additional compound capable of treating or preventing an inflammation associated with an oxidized lipid.
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein said at least one additional compound is selected from the group consisting of a HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (a statin), a mucosal adjuvant, a corticosteroid, a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an analgesic, a growth factor, a toxin, a HSP, a beta-2-glycoprotein I, a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, a peroxisome proliferative activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, an anti-atherosclerosis drug, an anti-proliferative agent, ezetimide, nicotinic acid, a squalene inhibitor, an ApoE Milano, and any derivative and analog thereof.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein said at least one additional compound is a HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (a statin).
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein A1 is CR\u2033R\u2032\u2033.
14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein each of B1, B2 and Bn is oxygen.
15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein X1 is a saturated hydrocarbon having said general formula II, whereas Z is hydrogen.
16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein X2 is a saturated hydrocarbon having said general Formula II, whereas said Z is
wherein W is oxygen and R\u2033 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl.
17. A method of treating an inflammation associated with an endogenous oxidized lipid, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, thereby treating the inflammation associated with an endogenous oxidized lipid in said subject.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein A1 is CR\u2033R\u2033\u2032.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein each of B1, B2 and Bn is oxygen.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein X1 is a saturated hydrocarbon having said general formula II, whereas Z is hydrogen.
21. The method of claim 17, wherein X2 is a saturated hydrocarbon having said general Formula II, whereas said Z is
wherein W is oxygen and R\u2033 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl.
22. The method of claim 17, wherein said inflammation is associated with a disease selected from the group consisting of an idiopathic inflammatory disease, a chronic inflammatory disease, an acute inflammatory disease, an autoimmune disease, an infectious disease, an inflammatory malignant disease, an inflammatory transplantation-related disease, an inflammatory degenerative disease, a disease associated with a hypersensitivity, an inflammatory cardiovascular disease, an inflammatory cerebrovascular disease, a peripheral vascular disease, an inflammatory glandular disease, an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease, an inflammatory cutaneous disease, an inflammatory hepatic disease, an inflammatory neurological disease, an inflammatory musculo-skeletal disease, an inflammatory renal disease, an inflammatory reproductive disease, an inflammatory systemic disease, an inflammatory connective tissue disease, an inflammatory tumor, necrosis, an inflammatory implant-related disease, an inflammatory aging process, an immunodeficiency disease and an inflammatory pulmonary disease.
23. The method of claim 17, wherein said inflammation is associated with a disease selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis.
24. The method of claim 17, further comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional compound capable of treating said inflammation.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein said at least one additional compound is selected from the group consisting of a HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (a statin), a mucosal adjuvant, a corticosteroid, a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an analgesic, a growth factor, a toxin, a HSP, a Beta-2-glycoprotein I, a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, a peroxisome proliferative activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, an anti-atherosclerosis drug, an anti-proliferative agent, ezetimide, nicotinic acid, a squalene inhibitor, an ApoE Milano, and any derivative and analog thereof.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein said at least one additional compound is a HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (a statin).
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A cable detection apparatus comprising
a detector to detect an electromagnetic field;
a filter system to receive signals from the detector and output a filtered signal, the filter system comprising
a first filter having a higher transmittance at a plurality of harmonics of a first frequency than at least one non-harmonic frequency between two of said harmonics of the first frequency;
a second filter arranged in series with the first filter having higher transmittance at least one harmonic of the first frequency than at least one non-harmonic frequency of the first frequency; and
an indicator to indicate the detection of a cable based on the filtered signal.
2. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first filter has higher attenuation at least one even harmonic of the first frequency than at said plurality of harmonics.
3. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first filter has higher transmittance at the first frequency than at least one a non-harmonic frequency of the first frequency.
4. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first frequency is the frequency of an alternating current carried by a cable to be detected.
5. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one further filter arranged in series with the first filter, the further filter having higher transmittance at least one harmonic of the first frequency than at least one non-harmonic frequency of the first frequency.
6. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one further filter arranged in series with the second filter, the further filter having higher transmittance at at least one odd harmonic of the first frequency than at at least one non-harmonic frequency, and higher attenuation at at least one even harmonic of the first frequency than at said plurality of harmonics.
7. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second filters comprises a comb filter.
8. A cable detection apparatus comprising second filter means for transmitting components of a signal substantially at at least one harmonic of the first frequency and attenuating other frequencies;
detecting means for detecting an electromagnetic field;
first filter means for receiving signals from the detecting means, transmitting components of the signal substantially at a plurality of harmonics of a first frequency at a higher strength than components at at least one non-harmonic frequency between two of said harmonics of the first frequency, and outputting a filtered signal; and
indicating means for indicating the detection of a cable based on the filtered signal.
9. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the filter means is also for attenuating the signal at at least one even harmonic of the first frequency.
10. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first frequency is the frequency of an alternating current carried by a cable to be detected.
11. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising further filter means for transmitting components of the signal substantially at at least one harmonic of the first frequent cy at a higher strength than components at at least one non-harmonic frequency of the first frequency.
12. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising further filter means for transmitting components of the signal substantially at at least one odd harmonic of the first frequency and attenuating the signal at at least one even harmonic of the first frequency.
13. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein at least one of the first and second filter means comprises a comb filter.
14. A cable detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first filter means is for transmitting signal components at the first frequency at a higher strength than components at at least one a non-harmonic frequency of the first frequency.