1. A method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma levels in a human being comprising co-administering about 150 mg per day to about 560 mg per day of bupropion with dextromethorphan to the human being for at least eight consecutive days, wherein bupropion and dextromethorphan are administered once or twice a day, wherein the human being is an extensive metabolizer of dextromethorphan in need of treatment with dextromethorphan, wherein on the eighth day, the co-administration results in an AUC0-12 of dextromethorphan that is at least about 20 times the AUC0-12 that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion for eight consecutive days, and wherein a decrease in the dextrorphan plasma level occurs on the first day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, as compared to the same amount of dextromethorphan administered without bupropion.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dextrorphan plasma level on the first day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered is reduced by at least 5%, as compared to the dextrorphan plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion.
3. A method of increasing the metabolic lifetime of dextromethorphan in a human being, comprising co-administering about 150 mg per day to about 560 mg per day of bupropion with dextromethorphan to the human being for at least eight consecutive days, wherein bupropion and dextromethorphan are administered once or twice a day, wherein the human being is an extensive metabolizer of dextromethorphan in need of treatment with dextromethorphan, wherein on the eighth day, the co-administration results in an AUC0-12 of dextromethorphan that is at least about 20 times the AUC0-12 that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion for eight consecutive days, and wherein dextromethorphan is present in the body of the human being at the same time as bupropion.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein an increase in the dextromethorphan plasma level occurs on the first day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, as compared to the same amount of dextromethorphan administered without bupropion.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the dextromethorphan plasma level on the first day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, is at least twice the level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion.
6. The method of claim 3 wherein the dextromethorphan plasma level, on the fifth day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, is at least 20 times the level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion for five consecutive days.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the dextromethorphan plasma level, on the sixth day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, is at least 30 times the level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion for six consecutive days.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein, after the first co-administration of bupropion with dextromethorphan, dextromethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering bupropion with dextromethorphan that is at least twice the plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion.
9. The method of claim 3, wherein, on the fifth day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, dextromethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering bupropion with dextromethorphan that is at least 40 times the plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion.
10. The method of claim 3, wherein, on the sixth day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, dextromethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering bupropion with dextromethorphan that is at least 50 times the plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion.
11. The method of claim 3, wherein, on the seventh day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, dextromethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering bupropion with dextromethorphan that is at least 70 times the plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion.
12. The method of claim 3, wherein, on the eighth day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, dextromethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering bupropion with dextromethorphan that is at least 80 times the plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion.
13. The method of claim 3, wherein the human patient is at risk of experiencing an adverse event as a result of being treated with dextromethorphan.
14. The method of claim 3, wherein bupropion is administered in an amount that results in an AUC0-12 of hydroxybupropion, on the eighth day of co-administration, that is at least about 3000 ng\xb7hrmL.
15. The method of claim 3, wherein bupropion is administered in an amount that results in an AUC0-12 of threohydroxybupropion, on the eighth day that bupropion and dextromethorphan are co-administered, that is at least about 2000 ng\xb7hrmL.
16. The method of claim 3, wherein bupropion is administered in an amount that results in an AUC0-12 of erythrohydroxybupropion, on the eighth day of co-administration, that is at least about 400 ng\xb7hrmL.
17. A method of decreasing the number of doses of dextromethorphan from three to six times a day to once or twice a day without loss of efficacy, comprising orally co-administering about 150 mg per day to about 560 mg per day of bupropion with dextromethorphan to a human being for at least eight consecutive days, wherein bupropion and dextromethorphan are administered once or twice a day, wherein the human being is an extensive metabolizer of dextromethorphan in need of treatment with dextromethorphan, and wherein on the eighth day, the co-administration results in an AUC0-12 of dextromethorphan that is at least about 20 times the AUC0-12 that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextromethorphan without bupropion for eight consecutive days.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein dextromethorphan is administered twice a day, and the treatment is at least as effective as administering the same amount of dextromethorphan four times a day without administering bupropion.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein dextromethorphan is administered twice a day, and the treatment is at least as effective as administering the same amount of dextromethorphan three times a day without administering bupropion.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein about 35 mg to about 120 mg of dextromethorphan is administered per day.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A liquid crystal display device comprising:
an array substrate including:
gate and data lines crossing each other on a first substrate to define a pixel region; and
a thin film transistor and a pixel electrode in the pixel region;
a color filter substrate including:
a black matrix on a second substrate and including an opening corresponding to the pixel region; and
a color filter layer filling the opening; and
a liquid crystal layer between the array substrate and the color filter substrate including:
a first patterned spacer having a cylindrical shape, contacting the array substrate and the color filter substrate, and corresponding to the thin film transistor of the array substrate; and
a second patterned spacer having a first width along a length direction of the gate line, and a second width along a width direction of the gate line and being less than the first width, the second patterned spacer contacting the color filter substrate and being spaced apart from the array substrate, and corresponding to the gate line.
2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first width is about 22 \u03bcm to about 28 \u03bcm, and the second width is about 5 \u03bcm to 7 \u03bcm.
3. The device according to claim 2, wherein a width of the black matrix parallel to the gate line is about 55 \u03bcm to about 57 \u03bcm.
4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the color filter substrate further includes a common electrode on the color filter layer.
5. The device according to claim 4, wherein the color filter substrate further includes an overcoat layer between the color filter layer and the common electrode.
6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the array substrate further includes a common line and a common electrode connected to the common line, and the pixel electrode and the common electrode are arranged alternately in the pixel region, and
wherein the color filter substrate further includes an overcoat layer on the color filter layer.
7. The device according to claim 1, wherein a height of the second patterned spacer is equal to or less than a height of the first patterned spacer.
8. A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device, the method comprising:
forming a color filter substrate including a black matrix that is on a first substrate and includes an opening, wherein a color filter layer fills the opening;
forming an organic material layer on the color filter layer;
exposing light to the organic material layer using a photo mask that includes a first transmissive portion having a circular shape, a second transmissive portion having a rectangular shape, and a blocking portion, wherein the second transmissive portion includes first and second widths; and
developing the light-exposed organic material layer to form a first patterned spacer and a second patterned spacer.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the color filter substrate further includes an overcoat layer between the color filter layer and the first and second patterned spacers.
10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the color filter substrate further includes a common electrode between the color filter layer and the first and second patterned spacers.
11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the first width along a first direction is about 1.8 \u03bcm to about 2.2 \u03bcm, the second width along a second direction is about 9.5 \u03bcm to about 10.5 \u03bcm.
12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the second patterned spacer has a third width along the first direction and the third width ranges from about 22 \u03bcm to about 28 \u03bcm, and a fourth width of the second patterned spacer along the second direction and the fourth width ranges from about 5 \u03bcm to about 7 \u03bcm.
13. The method according to claim 8, wherein a width of the black matrix corresponding to the second patterned spacer is about 55 \u03bcm to about 57 \u03bcm.
14. The method according to claim 8, wherein a height of the second patterned spacer is equal to or less than a height of the first patterned spacer by adjusting an amount of time of the light exposure.
15. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:
forming an array substrate that includes gate and data lines crossing each other on a second substrate, a thin film transistor connected to the gate and data lines, and a pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor; and
bonding the array substrate and the color filter substrate with a liquid crystal layer therebetween such that the first patterned spacer contacts the array substrate corresponding to the thin film transistor, and the second patterned spacer corresponds to the gate line and spaced apart from the array substrate.
16. The method according to claim 8, wherein the second transmissive portion includes a square-shaped region, at a center portion thereof, that has a length of about 2.8 \u03bcm to about 3.2 \u03bcm, and the second transmissive portion has a cross shape.
17. A structure for a liquid crystal display device including an array substrate, a color filter substrate and a liquid crystal layer between the array substrate and the color filter substrate, the structure comprising:
a first patterned spacer having a first shape, the first patterned spacer contacting the array substrate and the color filter substrate and corresponding to a thin film transistor of the array substrate; and
a second patterned spacer having a second shape with a top area being larger than a bottom area, the top area contacting the color filter substrate and the bottom area spaced apart from the array substrate,
wherein the first and second shapes are different from each other.
18. The structure according to claim 17, wherein the first shape is a cylindrical shape and the second shape is an elliptical cylinder shape.
19. The structure according to claim 17, wherein the top area of the second patterned spacer has a first width along a length direction of the gate line, and a second width along a width direction of the gate line, and
the first width ranges from about 22 \u03bcm to about 28 \u03bcm and the second width ranges from about 5 \u03bcm to about 7 \u03bcm.
20. The structure according to claim 17, wherein a height of the second patterned spacer is equal to or less than a height of the first patterned spacer.
21. The structure according to claim 17, wherein a width of a black matrix of the color filter substrate and parallel to the gate line ranges from about 55 \u03bcm to about 57 \u03bcm.