1. Method for preparing silanes comprising styryl groups, said silanes being represented by the general formula (I)
(St)bSiR\u2032aR4\u2212a\u2212b
wherein the radicals and indices have the following meaning:
St represents a styryl group which is unsubstituted or substituted by a radical containing at least one carbon atom which is bonded to the styryl group via one of its carbon atoms,
R is a group attached to the silicon atom via a carbon atom,
R\u2032 is an unsubstituted or substituted C1-12-alkoxy group,
a means 0, 1, 2 or 3 and
b means 1, 2 or 3,
comprising the following steps: (a) reacting a compound represented by the formula StX, wherein St is defined as above and X is a halogen that is attached to a phenyl ring of said styryl group with magnesium in a solvent mixture consisting of or substantially comprising diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran in a ratio of from 30:70 to 70:30 (vv) at a reaction temperature which does not exceed the boiling temperature of the mixture at ambient pressure to form a Grignard reagent, and (b) subsequently, reacting the Grignard reagent formed by step (a) with a silane of the formula (II)
SiR\u2032a+1R3\u2212a\u2003\u2003(II)
wherein the radicals and indices have the same meaning as indicated for formula (I), at a maximum temperature of 20\xb0 C. in a solvent mixture substantially consisting of diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
2. Method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said solvent substantially consists of diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran in a ratio of from 50:50 to 60:40.
3. Method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the temperature at which said Grignard reagent formed is reacted with said silane of the general formula (II) does not exceed 15\xb0 C.
4. Method in accordance with claim 1, wherein salts are obtained which are at least partly separated and the solvent is removed, after the reaction has terminated, and wherein subsequently the product is subjected to a fractionating distillation.
5. Method in accordance with claim 4, wherein said fractionating distillation is effected in the presence of a polymerization inhibitor.
6. Method in accordance with claim 5, wherein the polymerization inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of 2,5-di-tert.-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-p-cresol and p-nitrosophenol.
7. Method in accordance with claim 6, wherein the polymerization inhibitor is p-nitrosophenol.
8. Method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said group (St) is a substituted or unsubstituted styryl group which is para-bonded to the silane.
9. Method in accordance with claim 8, wherein said group (St) is an unsubstituted styryl group.
10. Method in accordance with claim 1, wherein b is 1 or 2.
11. Method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the radical R of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-12-alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-20-alkenyl, or -alkinyl and substituted or unsubstituted C5-20-aryl, and wherein the radical R\u2032 of formula (I) means C1-4-alkoxy.
12. Method in accordance with claim 11, wherein the radical R\u2032 is selected from the group consisting of methoxy and ethoxy.
13. Method in accordance with claim 11, wherein the radical R is selected from straight or branched or cyclic C1-8-alkyl.
14. Method in accordance with claim 12, wherein the radical R is selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for processing drill cuttings, the method comprising:
obtaining drill cuttings from at least one of a shale shaker, hydrocyclone, centrifuge or drill cuttings dryer,
measuring the moisture content of the drill cuttings to obtain a moisture value,
comparing the moisture value to a predetermined threshold, and
conveying the drill cuttings in a dry cuttings route if the moisture value is below the predetermined threshold or conveying the drill cuttings in a wet cuttings route if the moisture value is above the threshold.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the dry cuttings route comprises a feeder apparatus and a pneumatic conveying line, the method further comprising loading the drill cuttings into the feeder apparatus, which feeder apparatus feeds the pneumatic conveying line with the drill cuttings.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the pneumatic conveying line is a positive pressure pneumatic conveying line.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the pneumatic conveying line leads to a storage vessel, the method further comprising conveying the drill cuttings through the pneumatic conveying line to the storage vessel.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the pneumatic conveying line leads to a bulk storage tanks of an oil or gas rig, the method further a comprising conveying the drill cuttings through the pneumatic conveying line to the bulk storage tanks.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the pneumatic conveying line leads to a hold of an oil or gas rig, the method further comprising conveying the drill cuttings through the pneumatic conveying line to the hold.
7. The method of claim 2 wherein measuring the moisture content of the drill cuttings is carried out with a moisture sensor located in the feeder apparatus.
8. The method of claims 2 wherein the feeder apparatus comprises a hopper and a pressure vessel, and the measuring of the moisture content of the drill cuttings is carried out with a moisture sensor located in the hopper.
9. The method of claims 1 wherein the wet cuttings route comprises a feeder apparatus and a pneumatic conveying line, the method further comprising loading the drill cuttings into the feeder apparatus, which feeder apparatus feeds the pneumatic conveying line with the drill cuttings.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the pneumatic conveying line is a positive pressure pneumatic conveying line.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the pneumatic conveying line leads to a storage vessel, the method further comprising conveying the drill cuttings through the pneumatic conveying line to the storage vessel.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein the pneumatic conveying line leads to a cuttings dryer for further drying, the method including further drying the drill cuttings with the cuttings dryer.
13. The method of claim 2 wherein the measuring of the moisture content of the drill cuttings is carried out with a moisture sensor located in the feeder apparatus.
14. The method of claim 2 wherein the feeder apparatus comprises a hopper and a pressure vessel, and the measuring of the moisture content of the drill cuttings is carried out with a moisture sensor located in the hopper.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein a screw conveyor is located beneath the at least one of a shale shaker, hydrocyclone, centrifuge or drill cuttings dryer to receive the drill cuttings, the screw conveyor comprising a drive such that the screw conveyor is reversible to convey the drill cuttings in one direction for a dry cuttings route and in a second direction for a wet cuttings route, the method including conveying the drill cuttings with the screw conveyor.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the predetermined threshold is any of the values of 5% moisture content, 3% moisture content, and 1% moisture content.