1. A heated roof panel comprising:
a heated insert configured to receive a heating element;
a bottom panel configured to couple to an outer margin of a roof using one or more fasteners, wherein the fasteners are configured to pierce the bottom panel to secure the heated roof panel to the roof, the bottom panel comprising a ridge having a height matching the heated insert, the bottom panel comprising an area for covering a region of a roof; and
a top panel substantially a same size as the area of the bottom panel, the top panel configured to cover the heated insert and cover substantially all of the bottom panel, such that the top panel covers all points of the heated roof panel pierced by any fastener, wherein the top panel comprises a thermally conductive material, the top panel comprising,
an upper locking portion on an upper edge of the top panel, the upper locking portion configured to hook over and cover a top surface of an upper edge of the bottom panel, and
a lower locking portion on a lower edge of the top panel comprising a convex portion configured to couple to the bottom panel by snapping in place over a lower locking portion of the bottom panel.
2. The heated roof panel of claim 1, wherein the heated insert is disposed within a cavity formed between the top panel, the ridge of the bottom panel, and the bottom panel.
3. The heated roof panel of claim 2, wherein the heated insert is an aluminum extrusion.
4. The heated roof panel of claim 2, further comprising an end cap coupled to the roof panel and configured to cover an end of the heated insert.
5. The heated roof panel of claim 1, wherein the top panel is configured to couple to the heated insert.
6. The heated roof panel of claim 1, wherein the top panel further comprises a cleat configured to prevent snow from sliding past the cleat.
7. A roof panel to inhibit snow and ice build-up, comprising:
a bottom panel configured to couple to a roof using one or more fasteners, wherein the fasteners are configured to pierce the bottom panel to secure the roof panel to the roof;
a top panel covering substantially all of the bottom panel, such that the top panel covers all points of the roof panel pierced by any fastener, a portion of the top panel being separated from the bottom panel to form a cavity therebetween, wherein the top panel is configured to couple to the bottom panel without using piercing fasteners, wherein the bottom and the top panel comprise,
first ends configured to engage to form a seal, wherein a first end of the top panel comprises a locking portion configured to hook over a first end of the bottom panel and cover a top surface of the first end of the bottom panel, and
second ends distal from the first ends comprising complementary convex shaped portions configured to enable the top and bottom panels to couple together by snapping a second end of the top panel over a second end of the bottom panel; and
a heated insert disposed within the cavity, the heated insert being operable to hold a heating element that heats the top panel.
8. The roof panel of claim 7, wherein the first end of the bottom panel includes a tab portion that is shaped to mate with a slot portion of the first end of the top panel.
9. The roof panel of claim 7, wherein the heated insert comprises an aluminum extrusion.
10. The roof panel of claim 7, further comprising an end cap configured to couple to the side of the roof panel.
11. A heated roof panel comprising:
a heated insert configured to receive a heating element;
a bottom panel configured to attach to an outer margin of a roof using one or more fasteners, wherein the fasteners are configured to pierce the bottom panel to secure the heated roof panel to the roof, the bottom panel comprising an area for covering a region of a roof and a raised locking portion integrated with a lower end of the bottom panel; and
a top panel configured to cover the heated insert and cover substantially all of the bottom panel, such that the top panel covers all points of the roof panel pierced by any fastener, the top panel comprising,
a locking portion on a lower end corresponding to the raised locking portion of the bottom panel, and
a locking portion on an upper end configured to hook to a corresponding locking feature and cover a top surface of an upper end of the bottom panel;
wherein the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel comprise corresponding shapes for securing the top panel to the bottom panel by snapping the lower end of the top panel over the raised locking portion of the bottom panel, and wherein the heated insert is configured to be disposed within a cavity formed between the top panel, the bottom panel, and the locking portion of the bottom panel.
12. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the heated insert is disposed within a cavity between the top panel and the bottom panel.
13. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel are generally convex in shape.
14. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel are generally concave in shape.
15. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the heated insert is an aluminum extrusion.
16. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein an upper end of the bottom panel includes a tab portion that is shaped to mate with the locking portion of the top panel comprising a slot portion, wherein the tab portion and the slot portion are located on upper ends of the bottom panel and top panel distal from the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel.
17. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the top panel is configured to couple to the heated insert.
18. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the top panel further comprises a cleat configured to prevent snow from sliding past the cleat.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A device for reflecting at least a portion of a select polarization of at least one electromagnetic transmission having a given central wavelength impinging upon said device at a given acceptance angle, said device comprising:
a substrate; and,
at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate and adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces being suitable for substantially reflecting at least a portion of said select polarization of said at least one transmission.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein said given incident angle is greater than or equal to zero.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein said given incident angle is greater than 2.5 degrees.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein said given incident angle is greater than five degrees.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein a polarization orthogonal to said select polarization of said at least one transmission is substantially transmitted by said device.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein a polarization orthogonal to said select polarization of said at least one transmission is substantially reflected by one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein the device further comprises a cladding layer positioned substantially adjacent to at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures substantially distal to said substrate.
8. The device of claim 7, wherein said cladding layer and said substrate have substantially similar refractive indices.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein said substrate includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein said first portion has a substantially similar refractive index to said cladding layer.
10. The device of claim 9, wherein said second portion and said first portion have substantially the same refractive indices.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the refractive index of said second portion and the refractive index of said first portion are measurably different.
12. The device of claim 7, further comprising at least one coating operably coupled to at least one of said at least two layers and being adapted to at least partially mitigate transmission losses.
13. The device of claim 12, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said cladding layer.
14. The device of claim 12, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said substrate.
15. The device of claim 12, wherein said at least one coating includes a coating substantially adjacent to said cladding layer and at least one coating substantially adjacent to said substrate.
16. The device of claim 7, further comprising at least one residual layer between said substrate and said cladding and having a substantially similar refractive index to at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
17. The device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of micro-lenses formed into an array substantially aligned with said resonant pattern.
18. The device of claim 17, wherein said micro-lenses have a substantially uniform pitch size.
19. The device of claim 17, wherein said micro-lenses have a substantially varied pitch size.
20. The device of claim 17, wherein said micro-lens array comprises at least one of a refractive, diffractive and hybrid array.
21. The device of claim 17, wherein said layer of nanostructures is positioned such that each of the plurality of lenses of said array focuses on a corresponding portion of said layer of nanostructures.
22. The device of claim 21, wherein the refractive index of said micro-lenses is substantially similar to the refractive index of said substrate.
23. The device of claim 17, further comprising at least a second micro-lens array aligned with at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
24. The device of claim 23, wherein the refractive index of said second microlens array is substantially different from the refractive index of said substrate.
25. The device of claim 23, wherein at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures is positioned such that each of said second micro-lenses focuses on a corresponding portion of at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
26. The device of claim 25, further comprising at least one pair of optical fibers being suitable for use with said at least one transmission, wherein said pair of fibers is optically coupled to at least one of said micro-lenses of said first array.
27. The device of claim 25, further comprising at least two arrays of pairs of optical fibers, wherein a first pair of said fibers is optically coupled to said first micro-lenses in said first array and a second pair of fibers is optically coupled to a second of said micro-lenses in said second array.
28. The device of claim 27, wherein said fibers are polarization maintaining.
29. A lasing structure being suitable for providing output of at least one given wavelength, said structure comprising a plurality of reflective surfaces, at least one of said surfaces comprising at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate and defining a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces suitable for reflecting said select polarization of said at least one transmission.
30. The lasing structure of claim 29, further comprising a cavity formed between said plurality of reflective surfaces.
31. The lasing structure of claim 30, wherein each of said plurality of reflective surfaces comprises a layer of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces adapted to reflect said select polarization of said at least one transmission.
32. The lasing structure of claim 31, wherein said structure forms a vertical cavity surface emitting laser.
33. The lasing structure of claim 31, wherein said plurality of reflective surfaces reflect at least one polarization of said output resonating within said cavity.
34. The lasing structure of claim 33, wherein a reflectivity of said reflector associated with said select polarization of said at least one transmission is slightly less than 1, thereby allowing a portion of said resonating said select polarization of at least one transmission be transmitted.
35. The lasing structure of claim 34, wherein said pattern comprises at least one of holes, strips, trenches and pillars.
36. The lasing structure of claim 35, wherein said structure is of the form of a type III-V semiconductor compound band vertical-cavity surface emitting laser.
37. The lasing structure of claim 30, wherein said cavity is defined by an oxideinsulator confinement boundary.
38. The lasing device of claim 31, further comprising at least one coating substantially adjacent to at least one of said reflective surfaces and adapted to at least partially mitigate transmission losses.
39. A method for forming a device for reflecting a select polarization of at least one transmission having a given wavelength, said method comprising:
forming a substrate including a surface for receiving a layer of nanostructures; and,
overlaying a film adapted to receive a replication on said surface of said substrate and replicating a pattern of nanostructures in said overlayed film and processing to thereby form a layer of nanostructures in said substrate.
40. The method of claim 39, further comprising applying a cladding layer substantially adjacent to a surface of said layer of nanostructures substantially distal to said substrate.
41. The method of claim 40, further comprising applying at least one coating substantially adjacent to said cladding layer.
42. The method of claim 40, further comprising applying at least one coating substantially adjacent to a surface of said substrate substantially distal to said cladding layer.
43. The method of claim 40, further comprising including a residual layer substantially adjacent to said substrate and substantially adjacent to said layer of nanostructures.
44. The method of claim 40, further comprising building a confinement boundary formed substantially adjacent to said substrate and adapted to form a cavity with said substrate substantially forming a closure on one end of said cavity.
45. The method of claim 44, further comprising forming a second substrate incorporated to form a closure on an end of said cavity opposite said one end.
46. The method of claim 45, further comprising applying a second layer of nanostructures on said second substrate.
47. The method of claim 45, further comprising enhancing reflection of said select polarization of at least one transmission by orienting said first substrate and said second substrate.
48. The method of claim 40, further comprising substantially aligning a first array including a plurality of micro-lenses in a telecentric mode with said layer of nanostructures.
49. The method of claim 48, further comprising substantially aligning a second array including a plurality of micro-lenses in a telecentric mode with said layer of nanostructures.
50. The method of claim 49, further comprising aligning a first pair of a plurality of fibers adjacent to said first array and a second pair of said plurality of fibers adjacent to said second array, said first pair and said second pair aligned in a telecentric mode.
51. A device for polarization independent reflecting of at least one transmission having a given wavelength impinging upon said device, said device comprising:
a substrate; and,
at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces suitable for polarization independently substantially reflecting said at least one transmission.
52. The device of claim 51, wherein the device further comprises a cladding layer positioned substantially adjacent to at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures substantially distal to said substrate.
53. The device of claim 52, wherein said cladding layer and said substrate have substantially similar refractive indices.
54. The device of claim 53, wherein said substrate includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein said first portion has a substantially similar refractive index to said cladding layer.
55. The device of claim 54, wherein said second portion and said first portion have substantially the same refractive indices.
56. The device of claim 55, wherein the refractive index of said second portion and the refractive index of said first portion are measurably different.
57. The device of claim 52, further comprising at least one coating operably coupled to said layer and adapted to at least partially mitigate transmission losses.
58. The device of claim 57, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said cladding layer.
59. The device of claim 57, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said substrate.
60. The device of claim 57, wherein said at least one coating includes a coating substantially adjacent to said cladding layer and at least one coating substantially adjacent to said substrate.
61. The device of claim 52, further comprising at least one residual layer between said substrate and said cladding and having a substantially similar refractive index with at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
62. A device for waveguiding electromagnetic radiation a given wavelength through a core, said device comprising:
a substrate;
a first region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces suitable for substantially reflecting said select polarization of said at least one transmission, said first region aligned substantially between the core and said substrate;
a second region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern aligned substantially adjacent to the core distal to said first region;
a third region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern aligned substantially adjacent to the core and substantially between said first and said second regions; and,
a fourth region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern aligned substantially adjacent to the core distal to said third region and substantially between said first and said second regions.
63. The device of claim 62, wherein said first and said second regions have substantially the same period.
64. The device of claim 63, wherein said third and said fourth regions have substantially the same period.
65. The device of claim 64, wherein said period of said first and said second regions is approximately twice the period of said third and fourth regions.