1. A structure comprising a graphene layer located on a (110) surface of a single crystalline semiconductor-carbon alloy layer that is located on and epitaxially aligned to a (1102) surface of a single crystalline sapphire substrate, wherein said single crystalline semiconductor-carbon alloy layer is a superlattice including multiple repetitions of a first material layer and a second material layer, wherein at least one of the first material layer and the second material layer comprises carbon, and at least one of the first material layer and the second material layer comprises at least one of silicon and germanium.
2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first material layer comprises silicon, germanium, or an alloy of silicon, and the second material layer comprise carbon or a carbon alloy.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A polypeptide comprising a mutant diphtheria toxin C domain, a mutant diphtheria toxin T domain, and a mutant diphtheria toxin R domain,
said C domain comprising a mutation in Glu148,
said T domain comprising a mutation in Glu349, and
said R domain comprising a mutation in one or both of Lys516 and Phe530 of wild-type diphtheria toxin, said polypeptide being capable of forming an immune complex with an antibody that specifically recognizes wild-type diphtheria toxin.
2. The polypeptide of claim 1 in which the mutant C domain comprises the mutation Glu148Ser.
3. The polypeptide of claim 1 in which the mutant T domain comprises the mutation Glu349Lys.
4. The polypeptide of claim 1 in which the mutant R domain comprises the mutation Lys516Ala or the mutation Phe530Ala or both.
5. A substantially pure preparation of the polypeptide of claim 1.
6. A cell comprising the polypeptide of claim 1.
7. The cell of claim 6, wherein said cell is a B. subtilis, BCG, Salmonella sp., Vibrio cholerae, Listeriae, Yersiniae, Streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or an E. coli cell.
8. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 1 and an adjuvant.
9. A fusion polypeptide comprising the polypeptide of claim 1 and a second polypeptide.
10. A composition comprising the fusion polypeptide of claim 9 and an adjuvant.
11. A cell comprising the polypeptide of claim 10.
12. A polypeptide comprising a mutant diphtheria toxin C domain, a mutant diphtheria toxin T domain, and a mutant diphtheria toxin loop connecting the mutant diphtheria toxin C domain to a diphtheria toxin T domain,
said mutant C domain comprising a mutation in Glu148,
said mutant T domain comprising a mutation in Glu349,
said loop comprising a mutation in one or more of Arg190, Arg192, and Arg193 of wild-type diphtheria toxin, said polypeptide being capable of forming an immune complex with an antibody which specifically recognizes wild-type diphtheria toxin.
13. The polypeptide of claim 12, in which the mutant C domain comprises the mutation Glu148Ser.
14. The polypeptide of claim 12, in which the mutant T domain comprises the mutation Glu349Lys.
15. The polypeptide of claim 12, in which the mutant loop comprises the mutation Arg190Ser or the mutation Arg192Gly or both.
16. A substantially pure preparation of the polypeptide of claim 12.
17. A cell comprising the polypeptide of claim 12.
18. The cell of claim 17, wherein said cell is a B. subtilis, BCG, Salmonella sp., Vibrio cholerae, Listeriae, Yersiniae, Streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or an E. coli cell.
19. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 12 and an adjuvant.
20. A fusion polypeptide comprising the polypeptide of claim 12 and a second polypeptide.
21. A composition comprising the fusion polypeptide of claim 20 and an adjuvant.
22. A cell comprising the polypeptide of claim 20.
23. A method for immunizing a mammal against diphtheria toxin, the method comprising administering to a mammal the polypeptide of claim 1.
24. A method for immunizing a mammal against diphtheria toxin, the method comprising administering to a mammal the polypeptide of claim 12.
25. The polypeptide of claim 1 in which the C domain comprises the mutation Glu148Ser, the T comain comprises the mutation Glu349Lys, and the R domain comprises the mutations Lys516Ala and Phe530Ala.
26. The polypeptide of claim 12, in which the C domain comprises the mutation Glu148Ser, the T domain comprises the mutation Glu349Lys, and the loop comprises the mutations Arg190Ser, Arg192Gly, and Arg193Ser.
27. A nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of claim 1.
28. A nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of claim 12.
29. A cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 27.
30. A cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 28.