1. A process for treating coal, comprising:
heating coal in a chamber by (a) direct heat provided by an oxygen-deficient sweep gas flowed through the chamber and brought into contact with the coal, and (b) by indirect heat applied externally to the chamber, said heating of the coal being sufficient to cause volatile components of coal to be released into the sweep gas, the volatile components including condensable hydrocarbons,
selecting a ratio of direct heat and indirect heat applied to the coal to increase the proportion of condensable hydrocarbons in the sweep gas to 15% or more; and
treating the sweep gas to recover condensable hydrocarbons of the coal,
wherein coal is continuously supplied into one supply end of a chamber and removed from another discharge end of the chamber, and the sweep gas is continuously supplied into the same supply end of the chamber and removed from the discharge end of the chamber in co-current flow; and
wherein the log mean temperature differential between the sweep gas and the coal from the supply end to the discharge end is from about 300\xb0 F. to about 400\xb0 F.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the proportion of heat supplied to the coal by the sweep gas is less than 40% of the total heat supplied to the coal.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the proportion of heat supplied to the coal by the sweep gas is about one-third of the total heat supplied to the coal.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature differential between the sweep gas and the coal at the supply end of the chamber is from about 650\xb0 F. to about750\xb0 F.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature differential between the sweep gas and the coal at the discharge end of the chamber is from about 100\xb0 F. to about200\xb0 F.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the chamber is a rotary retort and the average velocity of the sweep gas is less than about 900 feet per minute.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the chamber is a rotary retort, and the sweep gas is continuously supplied into one end of the retort and removed from another end of the retort, and wherein the average gaseous residence time within the retort is less than about one second.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the average gaseous residence time within the retort is within a range of from about 0.2 second to about one second.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein, upon introduction to the chamber, the sweep gas has a temperature from about 1200\xb0 F. to about 1800\xb0 F.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein the sweep gas has a specific heat of about 0.39BTUlb-F.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein the sweep gas removed from the chamber includes a concentration of coal fines reduced to about 4.5 wt % or less.
12. The process of claim 11, further comprising passing the sweep gas stream through a mechanical gasfines filter to further reduce the coal fines by up to 95%.
13. The process of claim 1, further comprising raising the temperature of the coal within the chamber to a temperature from about 1200\xb0 F. to about 1500\xb0 F. for removal of organic sulfur.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein the sweep gas composition includes carbon dioxide and water, together comprising at least 80% by weight of the composition, and includes not more than 2% oxygen by volume.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein the sweep gas supplied into the chamber has an emissivity within a range of from about 0.5 to 0.7.
16. The process of claim 1, wherein coal is continuously supplied into one end of the chamber and removed from another end of the chamber, the sweep gas is continuously supplied into one end of the chamber and removed from another end of the chamber, and the mass ratio of the sweep gas to the coal supplied to the chamber is less than about 0.50.
17. The process of claim 1, wherein the condensable hydrocarbons comprise 25% to 75% of the volatile components of coal.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein condensing the condensable hydrocarbons further comprises separating the hydrocarbons into fractions by boiling point in a downstream absorption system.
19. The process of claim 2, wherein the less than 40% proportion of heat supplied by the sweep gas enables reduced sweep gas volume, the process further comprising condensing the condensable hydrocarbons in a downstream absorption system of reduced size commensurate with the reduced sweep gas volumes.
20. Coal char produced by the process of claim 1 further comprising a mercury content reduced by about 80% relative to feed coal.
21. Coal char produced by the process of claim 1 further comprising an organic sulfur content of about 45% less than an organic sulfur content in feed coal.
22. A process for treating coal, comprising:
heating coal in a chamber by (a) direct heat provided by an oxygen-deficient sweep gas flowed through the chamber and brought into contact with the coal, and (b) by indirect heat applied externally to the chamber, said heating of the coal being sufficient to cause volatile components of coal to be released into the sweep gas, the volatile components including condensable hydrocarbons,
selecting a ratio of direct heat and indirect heat applied to the coal to increase the proportion of condensable hydrocarbons in the sweep gas to 15% or more; and
treating the sweep gas to recover condensable hydrocarbons of the coal,
wherein coal is continuously supplied into one supply end of a chamber and removed from another discharge end of the chamber, and the sweep gas is continuously supplied into the same supply end of the chamber and removed from the discharge end of the chamber in co-current flow; and
wherein the temperature differential between the sweep gas and the coal at the discharge end of the chamber is from about 100\xb0 F. to about 200\xb0 F.
23. The process of claim 22 wherein the proportion of heat supplied to the coal by the sweep gas is less than 40% of the total heat supplied to the coal.
24. The process of claim 22 wherein the proportion of heat supplied to the coal by the sweep gas is about one-third of the total heat supplied to the coal.
25. The process of claim 22 wherein the log mean temperature differential between the sweep gas and the coal from the supply end to the discharge end is from about 300\xb0 F. to about 400\xb0 F.
26. The process of claim 22, wherein the chamber is a rotary retort and the average velocity of the sweep gas is less than about 900 feet per minute.
27. The process of claim 22, wherein the chamber is a rotary retort, and the sweep gas is continuously supplied into one end of the retort and removed from another end of the retort, and wherein the average gaseous residence time within the retort is less than about one second.
28. The process of claim 27, wherein the average gaseous residence time within the retort is within a range of from about 0.2 second to about one second.
29. The process of claim 22, wherein, upon introduction to the chamber, the sweep gas has a temperature from about 1200\xb0 F. to about 1800\xb0 F.
30. The process of claim 22, wherein the sweep gas has a specific heat of about 0.39BTUlb-F.
31. The process of claim 22, wherein the sweep gas composition includes carbon dioxide and water, together comprising at least 80% by weight of the composition, and includes not more than 2% oxygen by volume.
32. The process of claim 22, wherein the sweep gas supplied into the chamber has an emissivity within a range of from about 0.5 to 0.7.
33. The process of claim 22, wherein the condensable hydrocarbons comprise 25% to 75% of the volatile components of coal.
34. The process of claim 33, wherein condensing the condensable hydrocarbons further comprises separating the hydrocarbons into fractions by boiling point in a downstream absorption system.
35. Coal char produced by the process of claim 22 further comprising a mercury content reduced by about 80% relative to feed coal.
36. Coal char produced by the process of claim 22 further comprising an organic sulfur content of about 45% less than an organic sulfur content in feed coal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of identifying the originator of a message transmitted between a client and a server system, said method comprising the steps of:
modifying a message to be transmitted during a session between a client and a server system to include a session identification flag and a session identifier corresponding to an originator of the session on the server system and allowing the originator of the session to be uniquely identified among originators of sessions on the server system;
transmitting the message between the client and the server system;
checking the transmitted message for the session identification flag;
determining, in response to matching the session identification flag with a predefined value, that a valid session identifier has been included as a new portion of the transmitted message during the modification, the new portion available for extraction at a pre-established location within the transmitted message; and
extracting the session identifier of the transmitted message at the pre-established location to determine the originator of the message,
wherein if the appended session identifier in the transmitted message is not valid, processing the transmitted communication packet according to one or more predetermined rules for transmitted packets without valid session identifiers.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of modifying the message comprises the step of re-computing a control portion of the message to reflect the inclusion of the session identification flag and the session identifier.
3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
removing the session identification flag and the session identifier from the transmitted message; and
re-computing the control portion of the message to reflect the removal of the session identification flag and the session identifier.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of modifying the message comprises appending the session identification flag and the session identifier at an end of the message.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of modifying the message further comprises at least one of changing the session identifier for each communication or changing the session identifier at a predetermined interval.
6. A method of identifying the originator of a communication packet transmitted between a client and a server in a clientserver system, said method comprising the steps of:
appending a session identifier and a security tag to the communication packet, the session identifier uniquely identifying the client in the clientserver system;
determining, in response to matching the security tag with a predefined value, that a valid session identifier has been appended to form a new portion of the communication packet, the session identifier available for extraction at a pre-established location within the communication packet ; and
extracting the session identifier from the pre-established location to determine the originator of the transmitted communication packet,
wherein if the session identifier in the transmitted message is not valid, processing the transmitted communication packet according to one or more predetermined rules for transmitted packets without valid session identifiers.
7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of:
establishing a common security tag in the client and server, wherein the step of appending the session identifier includes appending the common security tag to the communication packet to be transmitted between the client and the server such that a presence of the common security tag in the transmitted communication packet indicates that the session identifier is valid.
8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the step of appending the session identifier and the common security tag to the communication packet comprises the step of re-computing a control portion of the communication packet to be transmitted to reflect the inclusion of the common security tag and the session identifier, the method further comprising the steps of:
removing the common security tag and the session identifier from the transmitted communication packet; and
re-computing the control portion of the transmitted communication packet to reflect the removal of the common security tag and the session identifier.
9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the steps of:
encrypting the communication packet to be transmitted after the step of appending the session identifier and the common security tag; and
decrypting the transmitted communication packet prior to the steps of determining the originator of the transmitted communication packet, removing the common security tag and the session identifier, and re-computing the control portion of the transmitted communication packet.
10. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the steps of:
encrypting the communication packet to be transmitted prior to the step of appending the session identifier and the common security tag; and decrypting the transmitted communication packet after the step of re-computing the control portion of the transmitted communication packet.
11. The method according to claim 7, further comprising the step of:
setting a length of the common security tag greater than a predetermined length to reduce or substantially eliminate falsely authenticated session identifiers.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the length of the security tag is set to a length in the range of about 8 to 64 bits long.
13. A computer system for identifying the originator of a message, comprising
a server; and
a client operationally connected to the server, the client and server being configured to transmit one or more messages there between during a session, each of the messages to be transmitted being modified by one of the client or the server to include a session identification flag and a session identifier. the client and server being further configured such that:
the modified message is transmitted to the remaining one of the client and the server;
the session identification flag of the transmitted message is checked by the remaining one of the client and the server to validate the session identifier;
the remaining one of the client and the server determines, in response to matching the session identification flag with a predefined value, that a valid session identifier has been included as a new portion of the transmitted message during the modification, the new portion available for extraction at a pre-established location within the transmitted message; and
the session identifier of the transmitted message is extracted from the pre-established location to determine the originator of the transmitted message, the session identifier corresponding to an originator of a session on the server system and allowing the originator of the session to be uniquely identified among originators of sessions on the server system,
wherein if the session identifier in the transmitted message is not valid, processing the transmitted communication packet according to one or more predetermined rules for transmitted packets without valid session identifiers.
14. The computer system according to claim 13 further comprising a network gateway disposed operationally between the client and server and providing access to the server such that the server is remotely accessible by the client.
15. The computer system according to claim 14 further comprising:
an encrypting unit disposed on one side of the network gateway to encrypt the message to be transmitted.
16. The computer system according to claim 15, further comprising: a decrypting unit disposed on another side of the network gateway to decrypt the transmitted message.
17. The computer system according to claim 16, wherein the message is processed sequentially such that either the message to be transmitted is encrypted by the encrypting unit and then modified and the transmitted message is read and then decrypted by the decrypting unit or the message to be transmitted is modified and then encrypted by the encrypting unit and the transmitted message is decrypted by the decrypting unit and then read.
18. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the network gateway includes a database to validate the session identifier by checking a user identifier, if the session identifier is not valid, the computer system forces the user to log in prior to accessing the server and if the session identifier is valid, the computer system retrieves an associated user identifier and the server processes the transmitted message.
19. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium including computer program instructions which cause a computer system including at least a client and a server to implement a method of identifying the originator of a message transmitted between the client and the server, said method comprising the steps of:
modifying a message to be transmitted during a session between the client and the server to include a session identification flag and a session identifier, the session identifier being assigned corresponding to the originator of the session on the server system and allowing the originator of the session to be uniquely identified among originators of sessions on the server system;
re-computing a control portion of the message to reflect the inclusion of the session identification flag and the session identifier;
transmitting the message between the client and the server;
checking the transmitted message for the session identification flag;
determining, in response to matching the session identification flag with a predefined value, that a valid session identifier has been included as a new portion of the transmitted message during the modification, the new portion available for extraction at a pre-established location within the transmitted message;
extracting the session identifier of the transmitted message from the pre-established location to determine the originator of the message;
removing the session identification flag and the session identifier from the transmitted message; and
re-computing the control portion of the message to reflect the removal of the session identification flag and the session identifier.
20. A method of identifying the originator of a message transmitted between a client and a server, comprising:
modifying, by a processor, a message to be transmitted during a session between a client and a server to include a session identification flag and a session identifier, the session identifier being assigned corresponding to the originator of the session on the server system and allowing the originator of the session to be uniquely identified among originators of sessions on the server system;
re-computing, by the processor, a control portion of the message to reflect the inclusion of the session identification flag and the session identifier;
transmitting the message between the client and the server;
checking the transmitted message for the session identification flag;
determining, in response to matching the session identification flag with a predefined value, that a valid session identifier has been included as a new portion of the transmitted message during the modification, the new portion available for extraction at a pre-established location within the transmitted message;
extracting the session identifier of the transmitted message from the pre-established location to determine the originator of the message;
removing the session identification flag and the session identifier from the transmitted message; and
re-computing, by the processor, the control portion of the message to reflect the removal of the session identification flag and the session identifier.