1. A method for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass containing alkali andor alkaline earth metal (AAEM) comprising:
providing a lignocellulosic biomass containing AAEM;
determining the amount of the AAEM present in the lignocellulosic biomass;
identifying, based on said determining, the amount of a mineral acid sufficient to completely convert the AAEM in the lignocellulosic biomass to thermally-stable, catalytically-inert salts; and
treating the lignocellulosic biomass with the identified amount of the mineral acid, wherein the treated lignocellulosic biomass contains thermally-stable, catalytically inert AAEM salts.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
drying the treated lignocellulosic biomass.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
pyrolyzing the treated lignocellulosic biomass to obtain a bio-oil product with a high sugar yield.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the obtained bio-oil product comprises anhydrosugars, monosaccharides, and oligosaccharides.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the sugar yield in the bio-oil product is increased by 2-9 fold compared to a bio-oil product produced from the provided lignocellulosic biomass which is not subjected to said treating.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the bio-oil product has a sugar yield of 18-25 wt % compared to a bio-oil product produced from the provided lignocellulosic biomass which is not subjected to said treating having a sugar yield of only 2-6 wt %.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the bio-oil product has a light oxygenated compound yield which is decreased by 8-15 wt % compared to a bio-oil product produced from the provided lignocellulosic biomass which is not subjected to said treating.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein said pyrolyzing is carried out at a temperature ranging from 300\xb0 C. to 500\xb0 C.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the lignocellulosic biomass is selected from the group consisting of softwood, hardwood, grasses, crop residues, and mixtures thereof.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the molar concentration of AAEM salts in the acid-treated lignocellulosic biomass ranges from 0.065 to 0.40 mmol per gram of biomass.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said treating is carried out with 0.04 to 0.50 mmol mineral acid per gram of biomass.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mineral acid is sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or hydrochloric acid.
13. The method of claim 3, wherein said pyrolyzing is carried out in a continuous flow reactor.
14. The method of claim 3, wherein said pyrolyzing is carried out in an auger-type reactor.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein said pyrolyzed bio-oil from the auger-type reactor product comprises 15-30 wt % sugar.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An improved silicon steel structure, comprising an interior ring, an exterior ring concentrically arranged with the interior ring, a plurality of radially extending support bridges interconnecting an exterior edge of the interior ring and an interior edge of the exterior ring, and a magnet absorbing surface attached to an exterior edge of the exterior ring.
2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the exterior ring further comprises a pair of semi-circular rings.
3. An improved silicon steel structure, comprising a first and a second silicon steel sheets stacked with each other, wherein each of the first and second silicon steel sheet comprises:
an inner ring;
an outer ring arranged concentrically with the inner ring;
a plurality of support bridges interconnecting the inner ring and the outer ring; and
a magnetic absorbing surface attached to an exterior edge of the outer ring.
4. The structure of claim 3, wherein each outer ring further comprises a pair of opposing semi-circular rings.
5. The structure of claim 3, further comprising at least a third silicon sheet inserted between the first and second silicon steel sheets.
6. The structure of claim 5, wherein the third silicon sheet includes an inner ring, an outer ring concentrically arranged with the inner ring, and a plurality of support bridges interconnecting the inner and outer rings.
7. A set of coil, comprising:
a first silicon steel sheet and a second silicon steel sheet stacked with other, wherein each of the first and second silicon steels comprises:
an inner ring;
an outer ring arranged concentrically with the inner ring;
a plurality of support bridges interconnecting the inner ring and the outer ring; and
a magnetic absorbing surface attached to an exterior edge of the outer ring; and
a plurality of coils winding around the support bridges.
8. The set of coil according to claim 7, wherein each of the coils has a vertical thickness smaller than a height of the magnetic absorbing surface.
9. The set of coil according to claim 7, further comprising at least a third silicon sheet inserted between the first and second silicon steel sheets.
10. The set of coil according to claim 9, wherein the third silicon sheet includes an inner ring, an outer ring concentrically arranged with the inner ring, and a plurality of support bridges interconnecting the inner and outer rings.
11. The set of coil according to claim 9, wherein each of the coils has a vertical thickness smaller than a total height of the magnetic absorbing surface and the thickness of the third silicon steel sheet.
12. A heat dissipating fan, comprising:
a blade wheel;
a magnet, mounted along an interior periphery of the blade wheel; and
a plurality of coil sets each further comprises:
a stack of silicon steel sheet, comprising a plurality of radially extending arms between a center and a periphery thereof;
a magnetic absorbing surface attached to a periphery of the stack and facing the magnet; and
a plurality of coils winding around the support bridges.
13. The fan of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of blades extending radially from an exterior periphery of the blade wheel.
14. The fan of claim 13, further comprising a shaft extending along a central axe of the blade wheel.
15. The fan of claim 12, further comprising a shaft extending along a central axe of the blade wheel.
16. The fan of claim 14, further comprising a cap fitting over the shaft.
17. The fan of claim 15, wherein the coil sets are installed between the cap and the magnets.