1. A display driving apparatus, comprising:
a plurality of driver integrated circuits (ICs) connected in a cascade manner, to display images in a plurality of pixels and transmit transmission signals by using the cascade manner; a first driver IC of the plurality of driver ICs, responding to a first control signal input to the first driver IC, applying the transmission signal to a subsequent driver IC of the plurality of driver ICs;
a restoration signal generation unit generating first restoration signals synchronized with the transmission signals for the plurality of driver ICs;
a timing control unit comprising an error detection unit detecting an error among the driver ICs on a basis of the first restoration signals and the transmission signals from the driver ICs to determine a driver IC associated with the detected error as an abnormal driver IC;
a restoration signal output unit having a plurality of restoration signal output lines connected to the plurality of driver ICs, providing a second restoration signal to an output terminal of the abnormal driver IC while the restoration signal output lines connected to the driver ICs other than the abnormal driver IC are set at a high impedance state;
a substitution display control unit controlling to display image data of a region of pixels driven by the abnormal driver IC in a pixel region driven by at least one of the driver ICs other than the abnormal driver IC, when the region of pixels driven by the abnormal driver IC is determined as an assigned region.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, the error detection unit comprises:
a transmission signal detection unit detecting the transmission signals separately output from the plurality of driver ICs; and
a comparison unit comparing the detected transmission signals and the restoration signals to detect the driver IC associated with the detected error, wherein the comparison unit determines by determining the transmission signal and the restoration signal are different from each other.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a timing generation unit generating and applying the first control signal to the first driver IC, wherein the timing generation unit generates the first control signal based on the vertical synchronization signal and the horizontal synchronization signal.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the restoration signal generation unit generates the restoration signals further based on previously stored driving information representing an operation environment of the display driving apparatus, and
the display driving apparatus further comprises a register for storing the driving information.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, the first control signal is a horizontal synchronization start signal.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a cascade direction changing unit changing a cascade direction of the plurality of driver ICs.
7. A display apparatus, comprising:
a display unit comprising a plurality of pixels each comprising at least one light emitting element and a pixel circuit;
a timing generation unit generating and outputting a first control signal;
a driver circuit unit comprising a plurality of driver integrated circuits (ICs) connected in a cascade manner, to display images in the plurality of pixels, and transmit transmission signals by using the cascade manner; a first driver IC of the plurality of driver ICs, responding to the first control signal input to the first driver IC, applying the transmission signal to a subsequent driver IC of the plurality of driver ICs; the display unit and the pixels being divided into a plurality of regions, each of the regions corresponding to a different one of the driver ICs;
a restoration signal generation unit generating first restoration signals synchronized with the transmission signals of the plurality of driver ICs;
a timing control unit comprising an error detection unit detecting an error among the driver ICs on a basis of the first restoration signals and the transmission signals from the driver ICs to determine a driver IC associated with the detected error as an abnormal driver IC;
a restoration signal output unit having a plurality of restoration signal output lines connected to the plurality of driver ICs, providing a second restoration signal to an output terminal of the abnormal driver IC while the restoration signal output lines connected to the driver ICs other than the abnormal driver IC are set at a high impedance state; and
a substitution display control unit controlling to display image data of a region of pixels driven by the abnormal driver IC in a pixel region driven by at least one of the driver ICs other than the abnormal driver IC, when the region of pixels driven by the abnormal driver IC is determined as an assigned region.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, the first control signal being generated by the timing generation unit based on the vertical synchronization signal and the horizontal synchronization signal, the restoration signal is generated by the restoration signal generation unit based on a combination of a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and the first control signal.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, the restoration signals being generated by the restoration signal generation unit further based on previously stored driving information representing an operation environment of the display apparatus, and
the display apparatus further comprises a register for storing the driving information.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, the error detection unit comprises:
a transmission signal detection unit detecting the transmission signals separately output from the plurality of driver ICs; and
a comparison unit comparing the detected transmission signals and the restoration signals to detect among the driver ICs the error defined as a difference between a transmission signal and a restoration signal and determine the driver IC associated with the error as the abnormal driver IC.
11. The apparatus of claim 7, the first control signal is a horizontal synchronization start signal.
12. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a cascade direction changing unit changing a cascade direction of the plurality of driver ICs.
13. A method of driving a display apparatus, comprising:
providing the display apparatus that includes a plurality of driver integrated circuits (ICs) connected in a cascade manner, displays images in a plurality of pixels, and transmit transmission signals by using a cascade method,
responding to application of a first control signal to a first driver IC of the plurality of driver ICs by applying a transmission signal from the first driver IC to a subsequent driver IC, in which the pixels being divided into a plurality of regions, each of the regions being driven by a different one of the driver ICs,
generating a plurality of first restoration signals synchronized with the transmission signals of the plurality of driver ICs;
detecting a driver IC associated with an error by an error detection unit within a timing control unit using the first restoration signals and the transmission signals and determining the driver IC associated with the detected error as an abnormal driver IC; and
providing a second restoration signal to an output terminal of the abnormal driver IC while restoration signal output lines connected to the driver ICs other than the abnormal driver IC are set at a high impedance state
controlling to display image data of a region of pixels driven by the abnormal driver IC in a pixel region driven by at least one of the driver ICs other than the abnormal driver IC, when the region of pixels driven by the abnormal driver IC is determined as an assigned region.
14. The method of claim 13, the detecting of the abnormal driver IC comprises:
detecting the transmission signals separately output from the plurality of driver ICs; and
comparing the detected transmission signals and the restoration signals to detect the abnormal driver IC, wherein the comparing of the detected transmission signals comprises determining a driver IC of which a transmission signal and a restoration signal are different from each other, as the abnormal driver IC.
15. The method of claim 13, further comprising generating and applying the first control signal to the first driver IC, the generating and applying of the first control signal comprises generating the first control signal based on the vertical synchronization signal and the horizontal synchronization signal.
16. The method of claim 13, the generating of the restoration signals comprises generating the restoration signals further based on previously stored driving information representing an operation environment of the display apparatus.
17. The method of claim 13, further comprising controlling display signals of the abnormal driver IC to be output by at least one normal driver IC other than the abnormal driver IC.
18. The method of claim 13, the first control signal is a horizontal synchronization start signal.
19. The method of claim 13, further comprising changing a cascade direction of the plurality of driver ICs.
20. The apparatus of claim 1, the restoration signal is generated by the restoration signal generation unit based on a combination of a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and the first control signal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An oxide-ion conductor having the general formula La2Ge1\u2212xMxMgO6\u22120.5x, wherein 0<x<1 and M is Cr, Sc, Ga, In, or a mixture thereof.
2. The oxide-ion conductor of claim 1, wherein 0<x\u22660.5.
3. The oxide-ion conductor of claim 1, wherein the conductor has an oxide-ion conductivity (\u03c3O) up to 10\u22122 Scm at 300\xb0 C.
4. The oxide-ion conductor of claim 1, wherein the conductor has an oxide-ion conductivity (\u03c3O) up to 10\u22124 Scm at room temperature.
5. A fuel cell comprising a solid electrolyte comprising an oxide-ion conductor having the general formula La2Ge1\u2212xMxMgO6\u22120.5x, wherein 0<x\u22660.5 and M is Cr, Sc, Ga, In, or a mixture thereof.
6. The fuel cell of claim 5, wherein 0<x<0.5.
7. The fuel cell of claim 5, wherein the solid electrolyte is in the form of a sheet or membrane.
8. The fuel cell of claim 5, comprising an anode containing a catalytic material operable to catalyze the formation of chemisorbed hydrogen ions from hydrogen gas (H2) or chemisorbed hydrocarbon ions from a hydrocarbon.
9. The fuel cell of claim 5, further comprising a cathode containing a catalytic material operable to form oxide-ions (O2\u2212) from oxygen gas (O2).
10. An oxygen sensor comprising an oxide-ion conductor having the general formula La2Ge1\u2212xMxMgO6\u22120.5x, wherein 0<x<1 and M is Cr, Sc, Ga, In, or a mixture thereof.
11. The oxygen sensor of claim 10, wherein 0<x\u22660.5.
12. The oxygen sensor of claim 10, wherein the oxygen sensor is operable at room temperature or above.
13. A battery comprising:
a fuel cell comprising an oxide-ion conductor having the general formula La2Ge1\u2212xMxMgO6\u22120.5x, wherein 0<x<1 and M is Cr, Sc, Ga, In, or a mixture thereof; and
a metaloxide bed,
wherein the battery oxidizes the metaloxide bed and produces electricity when discharged when the fuel cell operates in a fuel cell mode, and
wherein the battery reduces the metaloxide bed to a metal using hydrogen gas produced when the fuel cell operates in a regenerative mode.
14. The battery of claim 13, wherein 0<x\u22660.5.
15. A reversible oxide-ion battery comprising:
a reductant anode;
a catalyzing current collector cathode; and
an electrolyte membrane comprising an oxide-ion conductor having the general formula La2Ge1\u2212xMxMgO6\u22120.5x, wherein 0<x<1 and M is Cr, Sc, Ga, In, or a mixture thereof,
wherein the electrolyte membrane separates the cathode and the anode.
16. The reversible oxide-ion battery of claim 15, wherein 0<x\u22660.5.
17. The reversible oxide-ion battery of claim 15, wherein the anode comprises a metal and carbon (C) composite anode.
18. The reversible oxide-ion battery of claim 15, wherein the metal comprises lithium (Li) or sodium (Na).