1. A nanoparticle-containing well fluid comprising a base fluid and about 5 wt % or less nanoparticles, for preventing or reducing fluid loss to an underground formation, wherein the well fluid is a drilling fluid, kill fluid, completion fluid, or pre-stimulation fluid.
2. The well fluid of claim 1 wherein the well fluid is a drilling fluid.
3. The well fluid of claim 2 wherein the drilling fluid is an invert emulsion drilling fluid.
4. The fluid of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are present in an amount of less than about 4 wt %, less than about 3 wt %, or less than about 1%.
5. (canceled)
6. (canceled)
7. The fluid of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are present in an amount of between about 0.1 to about 1 wt %; between about 0.5 to about 1.0 wt %; between about 0.6 to 1 wt %; or between about 0.74 to about 1 wt %.
8. (canceled)
9. (canceled)
10. (canceled)
11. The fluid of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles have a particle size of between about 1 to about 120 nm or between about 1 to about 30 nm.
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. The fluid of claim 11 wherein substantially all of the nanoparticles have a particle size in the range of 1-30 nm.
15. The fluid of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are one or more of metal hydroxide, metal oxide, metal carbonate, metal sulfide, and metal sulfate.
16. The fluid of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of iron hydroxide, iron oxide, calcium carbonate, iron sulfide, barium sulfate, or a mixture thereof.
17. The fluid of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticles are iron oxide formed from iron hydroxide in high pressure high temperature conditions in the underground formation.
18. The fluid of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are formed in situ in the fluid or formed ex situ and added to the fluid.
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. (canceled)
22. (canceled)
23. (canceled)
24. The fluid of claim 1 wherein the reduction of fluid loss is at least about 70% compared to a well fluid that does not contain loss circulation materials or nanoparticles.
25. (canceled)
26. (canceled)
27. A method of making the nanoparticle-containing well fluid defined in claim 1 by forming the nanoparticles ex situ, comprising the steps of providing aqueous-based precursor solutions for forming the nanoparticles, mixing the precursor solutions under high shear, and adding the mixed precursor solution to the well fluid, to form the nanoparticle-containing fluid, wherein the nanoparticles act as fluid loss material for reducing fluid loss in an underground formation.
28. A method for making a nanoparticle-containing well fluid defined in claim 1 by forming the nanoparticles in situ, comprising the steps of providing aqueous-based precursor solutions for forming the nanoparticles, adding the precursor solutions to the well fluid, and subjecting the fluid to mixing and shear to form the nanoparticle-containing fluid, wherein the nanoparticles act as a fluid loss material for reducing fluid loss in an underground formation.
29. The method of claim 28 wherein the fluid is an invert emulsion drilling fluid and the nanoparticles form in the dispersed water pools of the invert emulsion drilling fluid.
30. The method of claim 28 wherein the nanoparticle is iron (III) hydroxide.
31. The method of claim 29 wherein the aqueous-based precursor solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing FeCl3(aq) and an aqueous based solution containing NaOH(aq); the aqueous-based solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing Ca(NO)3 and an aqueous based solution containing Na2CO3; the aqueous-based solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing BaCl2 and an aqueous based solution containing Na2SO4; or the aqueous-based solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing Na2S and an aqueous based solution containing FeCl2.
32. (canceled)
33. (canceled)
34. (canceled)
35. The method of claim 27 wherein the fluid is an invert emulsion drilling fluid and the nanoparticles form in the dispersed water pools of the invert emulsion drilling fluid.
36. The method of claim 27 wherein the nanoparticle is iron (III) hydroxide.
37. The method of claim 27 wherein the aqueous-based precursor solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing FeCl3(aq) and an aqueous based solution containing NaOH(aq); the aqueous-based solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing Ca(NO)3 and an aqueous based solution containing Na2CO3; the aqueous-based solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing BaCl2 and an aqueous based solution containing Na2SO4; or the aqueous-based solutions comprise an aqueous based solution containing Na2S and an aqueous based solution containing FeCl2.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A mobile communication device, comprising:
a wireless module performing wireless transceiving to and from a first service network and a second service network; and
a controller module transmitting a first request message for a Mobility Management (MM) procedure to the first service network via the wireless module, receiving a first rejection message with a first MM back-off timer corresponding to the first request message from the first service network via the wireless module, starting the first MM back-off timer for the first service network in response to the first rejection message, transmitting a second request message for the MM procedure to the second service network via the wireless module, receiving a second rejection message with a second MM back-off timer from the second service network via the wireless module, and in response to the second rejection message, keeping the first MM back-off timer running for the first service network when it is not yet expired and starting the second MM back-off timer for the second service network,
wherein the controller module is coupled to a subscriber identity card, and further stores statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers in the subscriber identity card periodically before the mobile communication device is powered off, or stores the statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers in the subscriber identity card in response to the mobile communication device being powered off.
2. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the second request message is transmitted in response to initiating a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) selection procedure to search for another second service network other than the first service network.
3. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the controller module does not remove the statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers from the subscriber identity card, in response to the subscriber identity card being decoupled from the controller module and then coupled back thereto.
4. The mobile communication device of claim 1, further comprising a storage unit, wherein the controller module further stores statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers in the storage unit.
5. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the MM procedure is an Attach procedure, and the first request message and the first rejection message are an ATTACH REQUEST message and an ATTACH REJECT message, respectively.
6. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the MM procedure is a Tracking Area Update procedure, and the first request message and the first rejection message are a TRACKING AREA UPDATE REQUEST message and a TRACKING AREA UPDATE REJECT message, respectively.
7. A method for handling Mobility Management (MM) back-off timers by a mobile communication device coupled to a subscriber identity card, comprising:
transmitting a first request message for an MM procedure to a first service network;
receiving a first rejection message with a first MM back-off timer corresponding to the first request message from the first service network;
starting the first MM back-off timer for the first service network in response to the first rejection messages;
transmitting a second request message for the MM procedure to a second service network;
receiving a second rejection message with a second MM back-off timer from the second service network;
in response to the second rejection message, keeping the first MM back-off timer running for the first service network when it is not yet expired and starting the second MM back-off timer for the second service network; and
storing statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers in the subscriber identity card periodically before the mobile communication device is powered off, or storing the statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers in the subscriber identity card in response to the mobile communication device being powered off.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second request message is transmitted in response to initiating a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) selection procedure to search for another second service network other than the first service network.
9. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
not removing the statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers from the subscriber identity card, in response to the subscriber identity card being decoupled from the mobile communication device and then coupled back thereto.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the mobile communication device further comprises a storage unit, and the method further comprises storing statuses of the first and second MM back-off timers in the storage unit.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the MM procedure is an Attach procedure, and the first request message and the first rejection message are an ATTACH REQUEST message and an ATTACH REJECT message, respectively.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the MM procedure is a Tracking Area Update procedure, and the first request message and the first rejection message are a TRACKING AREA UPDATE REQUEST message and a TRACKING AREA UPDATE REJECT message, respectively.