1. A particulate matter detection device comprising:
a first electrode having a plate-like shape and having one surface covered with a dielectric material;
a second electrode which is disposed on the side of the one surface of the first electrode via a space where a gas including a particulate matter flows and which performs one or both of discharge and the formation of an electric field by a voltage applied between the first electrode and the second electrode;
a pair of measurement electrodes disposed on the surface of the dielectric material so as to face each other; and
a protective film disposed on the surfaces of the pair of measurement electrodes and having a volume resistivity of 10 \u03a9cm to 1012 \u03a9cm, wherein the protective film is formed of two layers of an insulating protective film disposed on the surfaces of the measurement electrodes and a low resistance film disposed on the surface of the insulating protective film and having; a volume resistivity of 10\u22125 \u03a9cm to 10 \u03a9cm,
wherein the variate of electric properties between the pair of measurement electrodes is measured to obtain the amount of the collected particulate matter.
2. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is what is doped with a metal.
3. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes have a linear shape, and are disposed on the surface of the dielectric material so that the measurement electrodes face each other longly along a direction vertical to a direction in which the gas including the particulate matter flows.
4. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is an insulating protective film disposed on the surfaces of the measurement electrodes and including a plurality of fine metal pieces scattered on the surface thereof.
5. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is an oxide film formed on the surfaces of the measurement electrodes.
6. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 1, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
7. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 2, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
8. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 3, wherein each of the pair of measurement electrodes having the linear shape is branched into a plurality of portions, and has a plurality of facing portions.
9. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 8, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes having the plurality of facing portions are disposed over the whole surface of the dielectric material.
10. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 2, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes have a linear shape, and are disposed on the surface of the dielectric material so that the measurement electrodes face each other longly along a direction vertical to a direction in which the gas including the particulate matter flows.
11. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 10, wherein each of the pair of measurement electrodes having the linear shape is branched into a plurality of portions, and has a plurality of facing portions.
12. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 4, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
13. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 5, wherein the electric properties are one or more electric properties selected from the electric property group consisting of a resistance, an inductance, a capacitance and an impedance.
14. The particulate matter detection device according to claim 11, wherein the pair of measurement electrodes having the plurality of facing portions are disposed over the whole surface of the dielectric material.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A display apparatus, comprising:
a substrate on which a plurality of closed spaces are two-dimensionally disposed along a surface of said substrate,
a plurality of light-absorbing particles contained in each of the closed spaces, and
a reflection surface for reflecting light which enters each of the closed spaces,
wherein said particles are moved in each closed space, between a first position at which they are diffused to cover said reflection surface and a second position at which they are collected to expose said reflection surface, to change an intensity of reflected light so as to provide a bright display state and a dark display state, wherein
the exposed reflection surface diffuse-reflects incident light with a directivity when said particles are located at the second position, and
wherein a light intensity of the diffuse reflection with the directivity of the exposed reflection surface has such an angular distribution that:
(1) an amount of reflected light emitted from the reflection surface toward the second position at which said particles are collected is smaller than that thereof in the case where the reflection surface is an isotropic diffuse reflection surface, and
(2) an amount of reflected light emitted from the reflection surface toward positions other than the second position at which said particles are collected is larger than that of reflected light emitted from the reflection surface toward the second position at which said particles are collected.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflection surface has a portion close to the second position at which the particles are collected, and the directivity at the portion is stronger than those at other portions of the reflection surface.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angular distribution of the intensity of light from the reflection surface is such that it is asymmetrical with respect to a direction of a normal to the reflection surface in an area close to the second position at which the particles are collected so as to be localized toward a direction apart from the position and that it is substantially symmetrical with respect to the normal direction in an area other than the area close to the second position.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the reflection surface is divided into a plurality of reflection areas different in reflection characteristic from each other, and the angular distribution of the intensity of light from each of the divided reflection areas is such that it is changed stepwise or continuously from a strong level to a weak level with respect to the directivity with an increasing distance of the particles from the second position at which the particles are collected and that it is changed stepwise or continuously from a large level to a small level or no level with respect to the asymmetry with the increasing distance.
5. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflection surface is substantially a mirror surface in an area close to the second position at which the particles are collected, and is a diffuse reflection surface in an area other than the area close to the second position.
6. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the reflection surface in an area close to the second position at which the particles are collected is inclined upward.
7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the substrate is transparent and the reflection surface is semitransparent, and a light source is disposed below the substrate.
8. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises a front scattering layer disposed on an observer’s side.
9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in each of the closed spaces, a color filter is disposed on the reflection surface.
10. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in each of the closed spaces, a color filter is disposed between the reflection surface and the transparent electrode.
11. A display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a partition wall for dividing the closed spaces in a direction along the surface of the substrate, wherein the second position at which said particles are collected is proximate to the partition wall.