1. An assay method for detecting scrub typhus comprising:
a. obtaining a sample from a subject;
b. exposing said sample to a combination of a truncated r47 protein plus a truncated r56 protein or a laboratory produced antibodies to said combination in assay equipment; and
c. detecting antibodies to said protein combination in said sample or detecting an antigen to said laboratory antibodies in said sample in said assay equipment.
2. The assay method of claim 1, wherein said sample comprises blood, urine, or oral fluids.
3. The assay method of claim 1, wherein said assay equipment is selected from the group consisting of ELISA plates, dot-blot matrices, and hand held chromatographic and flow through assay devices
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. An electrochemical cell, which comprises:
a) a casing;
b) a negative electrode of an anode material which intercalates and deintercalates with an alkali metal;
c) a positive electrode comprising a cathode active material which intercalates and deintercalates with the alkali metal; and
d) an electrolyte solution activating the negative and positive electrodes, wherein the cell has an electrode surface area to volume ratio greater than 25.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the casing has an external volume of about 5 cm3, or less.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode material is contacted to at least one side of an anode current collector to provide the negative electrode of a first thickness less than about 0.15 mm.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 wherein the anode material is contacted to both sides of the anode current collector.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode active material is contacted to at least one side of a cathode current collector to provide the positive electrode of a second thickness less than about 0.15 mm.
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 5 wherein the cathode material is contacted to both sides of the cathode current collector.
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 wherein the first thickness of the negative electrode is less than about 0.11 mm.
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 5 wherein the second thickness of the positive electrode is less than about 0.11 mm.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 wherein a first area of the anode current collector contacted with anode material is at least about 95 cm2.
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 5 wherein a second area of the cathode current collector contacted with cathode active material is at least about 80 cm2.
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrode surface area to volume ratio is greater than 35.
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode material of the negative electrode active material is selected from the group consisting of hairy carbon, coke, carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, carbon fibers, glassy carbon, and mixtures thereof.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of lithiated oxides, lithiated sulfides, lithiated selenides and lithiated tellurides of the group selected from vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, niobium, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and mixtures thereof.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode material is mixed with a fluoro-resin binder.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode active material is mixed with a fluoro-resin binder.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode active material is mixed with a conductive addition selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, carbon black, graphite, nickel powder, aluminum powder, titanium powder, stainless steel powder, and mixtures thereof.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 wherein the electrolyte includes an alkali metal salt selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiSbF6, LiClO4, LiAlCl4, LiGaCl4, LiNO3, LiC(SO2CF3)3, LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiSCN, LiO3SCF2CF3, LiC6F5SO3, LiO2CCF3, LiSO3F, LiB(C6H5)4, LiCF3SO3, and mixtures thereof.
19. An electrochemical cell, which comprises:
a) a negative electrode of a carbonaceous material which intercalates and deintercalates with lithium, wherein the carbonaceous material is contacted to at least one side of an anode current collector to provide the negative electrode of a first thickness less than about 0.15 mm.;
b) a positive electrode comprising lithium cobalt oxide which intercalates and deintercalates with lithium, wherein the lithium cobalt oxide is contacted to at least one side of a cathode current collector to provide the positive electrode of a second thickness less than about 0.15 mm.;
c) an electrolyte solution activating the negative electrode and the positive electrode; and
d) a casing of an external volume of about 5 cm3, or less, wherein the cell has an electrode surface area to volume ratio greater than 25.
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 wherein the anode material is contacted to both sides of the anode current collector.
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 wherein the anode current collector is of copper.
22. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 wherein the cathode material is contacted to both sides of the cathode current collector.
23. The electrochemical cell of claim 22 wherein the cathode current collector is of aluminum.
24. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 wherein the first thickness of the negative electrode is less than about 0.11 mm.
25. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 wherein the second thickness of the positive electrode is less than about 0.11 mm.
26. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 wherein the electrode surface area to volume ratio is greater than 35.
27. In combination with an implantable medical device requiring at least one current pulse for a medical device operating function, a first electrochemical cell which is dischargeable to deliver the current pulse electrically coupled to a second electrochemical cell, the first cell comprising:
a) a casing;
b) a negative electrode of an anode material which intercalates and deintercalates with an alkali metal;
c) a positive electrode comprising a cathode active material which intercalates and deintercalates with the alkali metal;
d) an electrolyte solution activating the negative and positive electrodes, wherein the cell has an electrode surface area to volume ratio greater than 25, and wherein the first cell is rechargeable by the second cell.
28. The combination of claim 27 wherein the casing has an external volume of about 5 cm3, or less.
29. The combination of claim 27 wherein the anode material is contacted to at least one side of an anode current collector to provide the negative electrode of a first thickness less than about 0.15 mm.
30. The combination of claim 27 wherein the cathode active material is contacted to at least one side of a cathode current collector to provide the positive electrode of a second thickness less than about 0.15 mm.
31. The combination of claim 27 wherein a first area of the anode current collector contacted with anode material is at least about 95 cm2.
32. The combination of claim 27 wherein a second area of the cathode current collector contacted with cathode active material is at least about 80 cm2.
33. The combination of claim 27 wherein the second electrochemical cell is of a LiCFx couple.
34. The combination of claim 27 wherein the first cell and the second cell are in separate casings.
35. The combination of claim 27 wherein the first cell and the second cell are in the same casing.
36. A method for providing an electrochemical cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a casing;
b) providing a negative electrode comprising an anode material which intercalates and deintercalates with an alkali metal;
c) providing a positive electrode comprising a cathode active material which intercalates and deintercalates with the alkali metal; and
d) activating the negative electrode and the positive electrode housed inside the casing with an electrolyte, wherein the cell has an electrode surface area to volume ratio greater than 25.
37. The method of claim 36 including providing the casing having an external volume of about 5 cm3, or less.
38. The method of claim 36 including the anode material being contacted to at least one side of an anode current collector to provide the negative electrode of a first thickness less than about 0.15 mm.
39. The method of claim 38 wherein the anode current collection is of copper.
40. The method of claim 36 including the cathode active material being contacted to at least one side of a cathode current collector to provide the positive electrode of a second thickness less than about 0.15 mm.
41. The method of claim 40 wherein the cathode current collector is of aluminum.
42. The method of claim 36 including the first thickness of the negative electrode being less than about 0.11 mm.
43. The method of claim 36 including the second thickness of the positive electrode being less than about 0.11 mm.
44. The method of claim 36 including the electrode surface area to volume ratio being greater than 35.
45. The method of claim 36 including providing the electrolyte having an alkali metal salt dissolved in a quaternary nonaqueous carbonate solvent mixture comprising ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
46. The method of claim 45 wherein the ethylene carbonate is in the range of about 20% to about 50%, the dimethyl carbonate is in the range of about 12% to about 75%, the ethylmethyl carbonate is in the range of about 5% to about 45%, and the diethyl carbonate is in the range of about 3% to about 45%, by volume.
47. The method of claim 36 including selecting the anode material from the group consisting of hairy carbon, coke, carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, carbon fibers, glassy carbon, and mixtures thereof.
48. The method of claim 36 including selecting the cathode active material from the group consisting of lithiated oxides, lithiated sulfides, lithiated selenides and lithiated tellurides of the group selected from vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, niobium, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and mixtures thereof.