1. A method of programming an implantable cardiac rhythm management device to avoid unnecessary ventricular pacing, the method comprising:
measuring an intrinsic conducted AV interval at a first heart rate or interval, wherein the intrinsic conducted AV interval is initiated by either a sensed or paced atrial contraction and is concluded by a sensed ventricular contraction;
measuring the first heart rate or interval;
automatically measuring or automatically extrapolating intrinsic conducted AV intervals at heart rates or intervals that are different from the first heart rate or interval to determine a measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of different heart rates or intervals, wherein the automatically extrapolating includes using the measured intrinsic conducted AV interval at the measured first heart rate or interval and the measured first heart rate or interval for performing the extrapolating; and
automatically suggesting or automatically programming a dynamic AV delay interval, based upon the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of the different heart rates or intervals, such that the dynamic AV delay interval is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals, wherein automatically suggesting or automatically programming the dynamic AV delay interval to be longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals includes:
determining a sensed AV offset using a difference between (1) a first time interval between an atrial paced contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one first cardiac cycle and (2) a second time interval between an atrial sensed contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one second cardiac cycle; and
applying the determined sensed AV offset to the dynamic AV delay interval to obtain an AV-offset adjusted dynamic AV delay interval that is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
2. The method of claim 1, in which automatically extrapolating the predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of different heart rates or intervals includes using a patient’s age in performing the extrapolating.
3. The method of claim 1, in which automatically extrapolating the predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of different heart rates or intervals includes using information about the patient’s health status in performing the extrapolating.
4. The method of claim 3, in which automatically extrapolating the predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of different heart rates or intervals includes using information about a recent myocardial infarction in performing the extrapolating.
5. The method of claim 1, in which automatically suggesting or automatically programming a dynamic AV delay includes providing a safety margin by at least which the dynamic AV delay is longer than the measured or predicted conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
6. The method of claim 1, comprising automatically suggesting or automatically programming an upper rate limit (URL) parameter using an age-predicted maximum heart rate or interval based on information about at least one of a patient’s age or activity level, wherein the UIRL parameter includes at least one of a maximum tracking rate (MRT) or interval or a maximum sensing rate (MSR) or interval.
7. The method of claim 1, comprising automatically suggesting, automatically programming, or automatically displaying the determined sensed AV offset that is applied to the determined sensed AV offset to the dynamic AV delay interval to obtain an AV-offset adjusted dynamic AV delay interval that is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
8. The method of claim 1, comprising determining a dynamic post ventricular atrial refractory period (PVARP), including:
measuring a retrograde conduction time between a ventricular paced contraction and a sensed atrial depolarization; and
establishing the dynamic PVARP to be greater than or equal to the measured retrograde conduction time, wherein the dynamic PVARP is used in determining the dynamic AV delay interval that is automatically suggested or automatically programmed to be longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
9. The method of claim 8, comprising automatically suggesting or programming the dynamic PVARP.
10. The method of claim 8, comprising determining an atrioventricular search hysteresis (AVSH) control parameter that controls providing an extended dynamic AV delay interval to allow an additional time period for ventricular sensing, including constraining the AVSH control parameter by
selecting the AVSH control parameter to limit the extended dynamic AV delay interval to be longer than a sum of a minimum value of the dynamic AV delay interval and a minimum value of the dynamic PVARP.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the constraining the AVSH control parameter comprises selecting the AVSH control parameter to limit the extended AV delay interval to be shorter than an upper rate limit (URL) interval.
12. The method of claim 10, comprising automatically suggesting or programming the AVSH control parameter.
13. The method of claim 10, comprising graphically displaying to a user the AVSH interval as a function of heart rate or interval, together with the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of heart rate or interval.
14. The method of claim 13, comprising graphically displaying to the user at least one of an indication of a safety margin by which the AVSH interval exceeds the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval or an indication of how much ventricular pacing is expected to occur.
15. The method of claim 1, comprising graphically displaying to a user an indication of the dynamic AV delay as a function of heart rate or interval, together with the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of heart rate or interval.
16. The method of claim 15, comprising graphically displaying to the user an indication of a safety margin by which the dynamic AV delay exceeds the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval or an indication of how much ventricular pacing is expected to occur.
17. The method of claim 1, comprising displaying to the user a suggested or programmed maximum tracking rate (MTR) or interval value, a minimum AV delay value, a maximum AV delay value, a sensed AV offset value, a minimum post ventricular atrial refractory period (PVARP) value, a maximum PVARP value, and an AV search hysteresis value.
18. The method of claim 1, comprising display of upper rate limit (URL) parameters, including at least one of a maximum tracking rate (MIRT) or interval or a maximum sensing rate (MSR) or interval, and the option to manually input the desired values for extrapolation of the dynamic AV Delay andor AVSH value, a Sensed AV Offset value, a minimum and maximum PVARP, and predicted AV conduction interval as a function of different heart rates or interval.
19. An apparatus for programming an implantable cardiac rhythm management device to avoid unnecessary ventricular pacing, the apparatus comprising:
means for measuring an intrinsic conducted AV interval at a first heart rate or interval, wherein the intrinsic conducted AV interval is initiated by either a sensed or paced atrial contraction and is concluded by a sensed ventricular contraction;
means for measuring the first heart rate or interval;
means for automatically measuring or automatically extrapolating intrinsic conducted AV intervals at heart rates or intervals that are different from the first heart rate or interval to determine a measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of different heart rates or intervals, wherein the automatically extrapolating includes using the measured intrinsic conducted AV interval at the measured first heart rate or interval and the measured first heart rate or interval for performing the extrapolating; and
means for automatically suggesting or automatically programming a dynamic AV delay interval, based upon the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of the different heart rates or intervals, such that the dynamic AV delay interval is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals, wherein the means for automatically suggesting or automatically programming the dynamic AV delay interval to be longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals include:
means for determining a sensed AV offset using a difference between (1) a first time interval between an atrial paced contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one first cardiac cycle and (2) a second time interval between an atrial sensed contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one second cardiac cycle; and
means for applying the determined sensed AV offset to the dynamic AV delay interval to obtain an AV-offset adjusted dynamic AV delay interval that is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
20. An apparatus for programming an implantable cardiac rhythm management device to avoid unnecessary ventricular pacing, the apparatus comprising:
an atrial sensing circuit;
an atrial therapy circuit;
a ventricular sensing circuit;
a ventricular therapy circuit;
a controller circuit, coupled to the atrial sensing and therapy circuits and the ventricular sensing and therapy circuits, the controller circuit configured to:
measure an intrinsic conducted AV interval at a first heart rate or interval, wherein the intrinsic conducted AV interval is initiated by either a sensed or paced atrial contraction and is concluded by a sensed ventricular contraction;
measure the first heart rate or interval;
measure or extrapolate intrinsic conducted AV intervals at heart rates or intervals that are different from the first heart rate or interval to determine a measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of different heart rates or intervals, wherein the extrapolating includes using the measured intrinsic conducted AV interval at the measured first heart rate or interval and the measured first heart rate or interval for performing the extrapolating; and
automatically suggest or automatically program a dynamic AV delay interval, based upon the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of the different heart rates or intervals, such that the dynamic AV delay interval is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals, wherein automatically suggesting or automatically programming the dynamic AV delay interval to be longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals includes:
determining a sensed AV offset using a difference between (1) a first time interval between an atrial paced contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one first cardiac cycle and (2) a second time interval between an atrial sensed contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one second cardiac cycle; and
applying the determined sensed AV offset to the dynamic AV delay interval to obtain an AV-offset adjusted dynamic AV delay interval that is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the controller is configured to automatically suggest or program a dynamic AV delay that includes a safety margin by at least which the dynamic AV delay is longer than the measured or predicted conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the controller is configured to automatically suggest or automatically program an upper rate limit (URL) parameter using an age-predicted maximum heart rate or interval based on information about at least one of a patient’s age or activity level, wherein the URL parameter includes at least one of a maximum tracking rate (MRT) or interval or a maximum sensing rate (MSR) or interval.
23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the controller is configured to determine a sensed AV offset using a difference between (1) a first time interval between an atrial paced contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one first cardiac cycle and (2) a second time interval between an atrial sensed contraction and a ventricular sensed contraction during at least one second cardiac cycle.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the controller is configured to apply the determined sensed AV offset to the dynamic AV delay interval to obtain an AV-offset adjusted dynamic AV delay interval that is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
25. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the controller is configured to determine a dynamic post ventricular atrial refractory period (PVARP), including:
to measure a retrograde conduction time between a ventricular paced contraction and a sensed atrial depolarization; and
to establish the dynamic PVARP to be greater than or equal to the measured retrograde conduction time, wherein the dynamic PVARP is used in determining the dynamic AV delay interval that is automatically suggested or automatically programmed to be longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals.
26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the controller is configured to determine an atrioventricular search hysteresis (AVSH) control parameter that controls providing an extended dynamic AV delay interval to allow an additional time period for ventricular sensing, and to constrain the AVSH control parameter by selecting the AVSH control parameter to limit the extended dynamic AV delay interval to be longer than a sum of a minimum value of the dynamic AV delay interval and a minimum value of the dynamic PVARP.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, comprising a display configured to graphically display to a user the AVSH interval as a function of heart rate or interval, together with the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of heart rate or interval.
28. The apparatus of claim 27, in which the display is configured to display to the user at least one of an indication of a safety margin by which the AVSH interval exceeds the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval or an indication of how much ventricular pacing is expected to occur.
29. The apparatus of claim 28, in which the display is configured to display to the user a suggested or programmed maximum tracking rate (MTR) or interval value, a minimum AV delay value, a maximum AV delay value, a sensed AV offset value, a minimum post ventricular atrial refractory period (PVARP) value, a maximum PVARP value, and an AV search hysteresis value.
30. A method of programming an implantable cardiac rhythm management device to avoid unnecessary ventricular pacing, the method comprising:
measuring an intrinsic conducted AV interval at a first heart rate or interval, wherein the intrinsic conducted AV interval is initiated by either a sensed or paced atrial contraction and is concluded by a sensed ventricular contraction;
measuring the first heart rate or interval;
automatically measuring or automatically extrapolating intrinsic conducted AV intervals at heart rates or intervals that are different from the first heart rate or interval to determine a measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of different heart rates or intervals, wherein the automatically extrapolating includes using the measured intrinsic conducted AV interval at the measured first heart rate or interval and the measured first heart rate or interval for performing the extrapolating;
automatically suggesting or automatically programming a dynamic AV delay interval, based upon the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval as a function of the different heart rates or intervals, such that the dynamic AV delay interval is longer than the measured or predicted intrinsic conducted AV interval at each of the different heart rates or intervals;
displaying to a user an indication of an expected or actual amount of ventricular pacing for at least one heart rate or interval; and
allowing the user to drag-and-drop the automatically suggested or automatically programmed dynamic AV delay interval to adjust the automatically programmed dynamic AV delay interval.
31. The method of claim 30, comprising updating the expected or actual amount of ventricular pacing for at least the one heart rate or interval based on the user dragged-and-dropped dynamic AV delay interval.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for separating proteins from liquid media, comprising
providing a liquid medium containing proteins,
providing a clay material which has:
a specific surface greater than 150 m2g,
a pore volume greater than 0.35 mlg,
an ion exchange capacity greater than 40 meq100 g, and
a sediment volume in water of less than 15 ml2 g,
equilibrating said clay material to a pH of from 3.5 to 9.0,
treating said liquid medium with the equilibrated clay material, and
separating the purified, protein-depleted liquid medium from the clay material.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material has an Al2O3 content of less than 11%, based on the anhydrous clay material (atro).
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material has an SiO2 content of greater than 65% by weight, based on the anhydrous clay material (atro).
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least 40% of the pore volume of the clay material are provided by pores having a pore diameter of at least 14 nm.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sediment volume of the clay material is less than 15 ml2 g, after said clay material has been left in water at room temperature for 3 days.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material has not been subjected to any surface activation with acid.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material is equilibrated with a buffer.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the buffer concentration is within a range from 30 to 100 mmol.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material has been activated by treatment with an alkali metal-containing compound.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proteins are removed by passing the liquid medium through a filter packing comprising the clay material.
11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proteins are removed by passing the liquid medium through a chromatography column whose packing comprises the clay material.
12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proteins bound to the clay material are eluted with an eluent, after the purified, protein-depleted liquid medium has been removed.
13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the eluent and the liquid medium have a different pH.
14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material has a particle size of >45 \u03bcm.
15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material mixture is used together with a further adsorptive material.
16. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the further adsorptive material is selected from the group consisting of silica gel, cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
17. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the clay material and the further adsorptive material are in a ratio of between 1:10 and 10:1, based on weight.
18. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the clay material has an SiO2 content of greater than 65% by weight, based on the anhydrous clay material (atro).
19. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sediment volume of the clay material is less than 10 ml2 g, after said clay material has been left in water at room temperature for 3 days.
20. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clay material has been activated by treatment with a sodium containing compound.