What is claimed is:
1. A multi-cylinder engine in which an intake valve and a first spark plug arranged side by side along an axis of a camshaft and an exhaust valve and a second spark plug arranged side by side along the axis of said camshaft are disposed in a cylinder head for every combustion chamber, wherein the position of a central portion of an upstream end of an intake port provided in the cylinder head with said intake valve interposed between said intake port and each of the combustion chambers and the position of a central portion of a downstream end of an exhaust port provided in the cylinder head with said exhaust valve interposed between said exhaust port and each of the combustion chambers are set to correspond with each other in the direction along the axis of said camshaft.
2. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 1, wherein an EGR passage for guiding a portion of an exhaust gas flowing through said exhaust port is provided in the cylinder head at one end along the axis of said camshaft; said second spark plug is disposed at a location where said exhaust port is interposed between said second spark plug and said EGR passage; and said intake port is provided in the cylinder head at a location where said first spark plug is interposed between said intake port and said EGR passage.
3. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an EGR valve for controlling the flow of an EGR gas is mounted to a sidewall of the cylinder head into which the upstream end of said intake port opens, and said intake port is provided in the cylinder head at a location where said first spark plug is interposed between said intake port and said EGR valve.
4. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said first spark plug arranged side by side with the upstream end of said exhaust port in the direction perpendicular to the axis of said camshaft is disposed side by side with said intake valve along the axis of said camshaft; said second spark plug arranged side by side with the downstream end of said intake port in the direction perpendicular to the axis of said camshaft is disposed side by side with said exhaust valve along the axis of said camshaft; the upstream end of said intake port is disposed offset in one direction from the downstream end of said intake port in the direction along the axis of said camshaft; and the downstream end of said exhaust port is disposed offset in the other direction from the upstream end of said exhaust port in the direction along the axis of said camshaft.
5. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 1, wherein a protrusion is integrally provided on said cylinder head to project outwards from a cylinder block; said first spark plug is mounted in said cylinder head with its axis disposed in a plane perpendicular to the axis of said camshaft; spark plug chambers corresponding to said combustion chambers and each faced by a portion of each of said first spark plugs are defined in said cylinder head in such a manner that a portion of each of said spark plug chambers is disposed in said protrusion; and a plurality of drainage bores are provided in said protrusion in such a manner that one end thereof opens into a lower portion of each of said spark plug chambers, and the other end thereof opens into an outer surface of a lower portion of said protrusion.
6. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 5, wherein a fastening boss for fastening an intake device to said protrusion is provided on said cylinder head to protrude into a lower portion of one of said spark plug chambers, and one end of the drainage bore corresponding to said one spark plug chamber opens into the lower portion of said one spark plug chamber between said first spark plug and said fastening boss in the direction along the axis of said camshaft.
7. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 5, wherein a fastening boss for fastening an intake device to said protrusion is provided on said cylinder head to protrude into a lower portion of one of said spark plug chambers; one end of said drainage bore corresponding to said one spark plug chamber opens into the lower portion of said one spark plug chamber at a location where said fastening boss is interposed between said drainage bore and said first spark plug in the direction along the axis of said camshaft; and a guide wall for guiding water entering around said first spark plug toward said drainage bores is provided between an inner wall of said spark plug chamber and said fastening boss.
8. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 5, wherein at least a lower portion of an inner surface of one of said spark plug chambers is formed as a flat face parallel to said camshaft on the protruding side of said protrusion, and a threaded bore for threaded engagement with a fastening bolt for fastening an intake device is provided to extend between protruding end face of said protrusion and said flat face.
9. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 1, wherein bosses for mounting fuel injection valves are provided on said cylinder head; a second EGR passage for guiding an EGR gas is provided in said cylinder head to extend in parallel to the axis of said camshaft in proximity to said fuel injection valves in such a manner that a portion of each of said bosses protrudes into said second EGR passage.
10. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 9, wherein said second EGR passage is disposed between said intake ports and said fuel injection valves.
11. A multi-cylinder engine according to claim 9 or 10, wherein at least one of a plurality of spark plug chambers formed in the cylinder head in correspondence to said combustion chambers with a portion of each of the spark plugs being exposed thereto is disposed between said second EGR passage and said combustion chambers.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of determining the dominant output wavelength of an LED, comprising:
determining an electrical characteristic of the LED which is dependent on the voltage-capacitance characteristics; and
analysing the electrical characteristic to determine the dominant output wavelength.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein determining the electrical characteristic comprises determining the phase, and deriving the dominant output wavelength from the phase.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein deriving the dominant output wavelength from the phase comprises determining the phase difference from 90 degrees.
4. A method as claimed claim 1, wherein determining the dominant output wavelength comprises comparing the determined electrical characteristic with sample data which has been derived by analysing the relationship between the voltage-capacitance characteristics of the sample and the dominant output wavelength for sample LED devices.
5. A method as claimed claim 1, further comprising determining information about the output intensity characteristics from the voltage-capacitance characteristic.
6. A method of controlling an LED, comprising:
determining the dominant output wavelength of the LED using a method comprising,
determining an electrical characteristic of the LED which is dependent on the voltage-capacitance characteristics; and
analysing the electrical characteristic to determine the dominant output wavelength; and
controlling the LED in dependence on the determined dominant output wavelength.
7. A method of controlling a plurality of different coloured LEDs, comprising:
determining the dominant output wavelength for each of the LEDs using a method comprising,
determining an electrical characteristic of the LED which is dependent on the voltage-capacitance characteristics; and
analysing the electrical characteristic to determine the dominant output wavelength: and
controlling the LEDs in dependence on the determined dominant output wavelengths, thereby obtaining a desired combined colour output.
8. A display driving method, comprising controlling a plurality of different coloured LEDs using the method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of different coloured LEDs define a display pixel, and wherein the display comprises a plurality of display pixels.
9. A display driving method, comprising controlling a plurality of different coloured LEDs using the method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of different coloured LEDs define a display backlight.
10. An arrangement for determining the dominant output wavelength of an LED, comprising:
means for determining an electrical characteristic of the LED which is dependent on the voltage-capacitance characteristics; and
means for analysing the electrical characteristic to determine the dominant output wavelength.
11. An arrangement as claimed in claim 10, wherein the means for determining an electrical characteristic comprises means for determining the phase, and deriving the dominant output wavelength from the phase.
12. An arrangement as claimed in claim 11, wherein the means for analysing comprises means for determining the phase difference from 90 degrees.
13. An arrangement as claimed in claim 12, comprising means comparing the determined electrical characteristic with sample data which has been derived by analysing the relationship between the voltage-capacitance characteristic and the dominant output wavelength for sample LED devices.
14. An arrangement as claimed in claim 10, wherein the means for analysing is further adapted to determine information about the output intensity characteristics from the determined electrical characteristic.
15. A display device comprising:
a plurality of LED pixels; and
an arrangement for determining the dominant output wavelength of each LED, as claimed in claim 10.
16. A display device comprising:
a plurality of pixels;
a backlight comprising a plurality of LED; and
an arrangement for determining the dominant output wavelength of each LED, as claimed in claim 10.