1. An imaging catheter comprising:
a sheath comprising distal and proximal ends and defining a lumen;
an imaging device located within the lumen of a distal portion of the sheath;
a sensor coupled to the imaging device within the lumen and positioned proximal to the imaging device, wherein the sensor comprises a conductive coil, and wherein the sensor is configured to communicate with a medical positioning system;
a solid core around which the conductive coil is wrapped;
a solid, non-conductive material disposed over the sensor; and
one or more traces formed over the sensor and disposed in the solid, non-conductive material, wherein the one or more traces are configured to electrically couple the imaging device to an energy source.
2. The imaging catheter of claim 1, wherein the solid, non-conductive material comprises a potting layer surrounding the sensor, wherein the one or more traces are formed in the potting layer.
3. The imaging catheter of claim 1, further comprising a first wire and a second wire that are proximally coupled with the sensor, wherein the one or more traces are electrically coupled with the first wire and second wire.
4. The imaging catheter of claim 3, further comprising a driveshaft surrounding the first and second wires.
5. The imaging catheter of claim 3, wherein the first and second wires are configured as a coaxial cable having an inner cable and an outer cable, which are respectively the first and second wires.
6. The imaging catheter of claim 3, wherein the first and second wires are configured as a shielded, twisted pair.
7. The imaging catheter of claim 1, wherein the sensor is adapted to communicate with a medical positioning system.
8. The imaging catheter of claim 1, wherein the solid core comprises a solid magnetic core surrounded by the sensor.
9. The imaging catheter of claim 1, wherein the imaging device is an imaging transducer.
10. The imaging catheter of claim 9, wherein the imaging transducer comprises an acoustic lens coupled with a layer of piezoelectric crystal, the piezoelectric crystal being coupled with a backing material.
11. The imaging catheter of claim 10, wherein the backing material comprises a tungsten material.
12. The imaging catheter of claim 1, wherein the imaging device is in parallel with the sensor.
13. An imaging apparatus for use within the lumen of a blood vessel comprising:
a coaxial cable having an inner wire and an outer wire;
a drive shaft coil, having distal and proximal ends, surrounding the coaxial cable;
a sensor coil disposed distal to the drive shaft coil, wherein the sensor coil is configured to communicate with a medical positioning system;
a non-conductive layer of epoxy surrounding the sensor coil;
an inner core around which is wrapped the sensor coil;
an imaging device, having first and second terminals, disposed distal to the sensor coil; and
first and second traces residing in the non-conductive layer of epoxy;
wherein one of the inner and outer wires of the coaxial cable is coupled with one of the first and second terminals of the imaging device via one of the first and second traces, and the other of the inner and outer wires of the coaxial cable is coupled with the other of the first and second terminals of the imaging device via the other of the first and second traces.
14. The imaging apparatus of claim 13, wherein the inner core is a solid magnetic core.
15. The imaging apparatus of claim 13, wherein the inner core is a high permeability core.
16. The imaging apparatus of claim 13, wherein the imaging device is an imaging transducer.
17. The imaging apparatus of claim 16 wherein the imaging transducer comprises an acoustic lens coupled with a piezoelectric crystal layer, and the piezoelectric crystal layer is coupled with a backing material.
18. The imaging apparatus of claim 17, wherein the acoustic lens is electrically coupled with one of the first and second terminals and the backing material is electrically coupled with the other of the first and second terminals.
19. The imaging apparatus of claim 17, wherein the backing material comprises tungsten.
20. The imaging apparatus of claim 17, wherein the backing material comprises silver particles in an epoxy substrate.
21. The imaging apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a sheath having a lumen, wherein the sensor coil and the imaging device are disposed in the lumen of the sheath; and
a sonolucent media disposed in the lumen of the sheath, wherein at least one of the first and second terminals is insulated from the sonolucent media in contact with the imaging transducer.
22. The imaging apparatus of claim 13 wherein the sensor coil is adapted to communicate with an external medical positioning system.
23. A medical imaging system comprising:
a medical positioning system; and
an imaging catheter adapted to be inserted into a lumen of a body, the imaging catheter including:
a catheter having distal and proximal ends and a lumen;
an imaging device located within the lumen of a distal portion of the catheter;
a sensor coupled to the imaging device within the lumen of the catheter and located proximal to the imaging device, wherein the sensor is configured to communicate with the medical positioning system;
a non-conductive material surrounding the sensor; and
one or more conductive traces formed within the non-conductive material, wherein the one or more conductive traces are configured to electrically couple the imaging device with an energy source.
24. The medical imaging system of claim 23, wherein the non-conductive material comprises parylene.
25. The medical imaging system of claim 23, wherein the non-conductive material comprises epoxy.
26. The medical imaging system of claim 23, wherein the imaging device is an imaging transducer.
27. The medical imaging system of claim 26 wherein the imaging transducer comprises an acoustic lens coupled with a layer of piezoelectric crystal, the piezoelectric crystal being coupled with a backing material.
28. The medical imaging system of claim 23, wherein the sensor includes a conductive wire wrapped around a solid magnetic core.
29. The medical imaging system of claim 23, wherein the catheter includes a driveshaft proximal to the sensor.
30. The medical imaging system of claim 23, wherein the imaging device is in parallel with the sensor.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for selecting fractions of fluid borne particles through optical fractionation, comprising:
at least two channels for providing at least first and second laminar fluid flow, at least one of which contains the fluid-borne particles;
a holographic optical tweezer system for projecting at least two arrays of optical traps onto a region at a junction of at the least two channels; and
the two optical trap arrays each positioned to selectively deflect the fluid-borne particles for fractionating the fluid-borne particles according to a characteristic of the fluid-borne particles.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the holographic optical tweezer system comprises:
a laser source for producing a beam of light; and
a computer-designed diffractive optical element for receiving the beam of light from the laser source and for producing the two arrays of optical traps.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the holographic optical tweezer system comprises:
a first laser source producing a first beam of light and a second laser source producing a second beam of light;
a computer-designed diffractive optical element designed for receiving the first beam from the first laser source and the second beam from the second laser source to produce the two arrays of optical traps; and
wherein the first beam and the second beam have different wavelengths such that the two optical trap arrays are derived from two different wavelengths of light.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the holographic optical tweezer system comprises:
a first laser source producing a first beam of light and a second laser source producing a second beam of light;
a first computer-designed diffractive optical element designed to receive the first beam from the first laser source;
a second computer-designed diffractive optical element designed to receive the second beam from the second laser source, and
wherein the first beam and the second beam have different wavelengths such that the two arrays of optical traps are derived from two different wavelengths of light.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at the junction of the two channels, a first subset of the fluid-borne particles in the first laminar fluid flow is deflected to the second laminar fluid flow by one of the two arrays of optical traps and a subset of the first subset of the fluid-borne particles is deflected back to the first laminar fluid flow by the other array of optical traps.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein one characteristic of the fluid-borne particles for fractionation is particle size such that at the junction of the two channels, a size-based subset of the fluid-borne particles in the first laminar fluid flow is deflected to the second laminar fluid flow by one of the two optical trap arrays, and a size-based subset of the subset of the fluid-borne particles is deflected back to the first laminar fluid flow by the other array of optical traps.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first laminar fluid flow contains the fluid-borne particles and the second laminar fluid flow contains a buffer fluid, and wherein at the junction of the two channels, a subset of the fluid-borne particles in the first laminar fluid flow is deflected to the second laminar fluid flow by one of the two arrays of optical traps and a subset of the subset of the fluid-borne particles is deflected back to the first laminar fluid flow by the other array of optical traps, such that the second laminar fluid flow contains the fractionated subset of the subset of the fluid-borne particles.
8. An apparatus for selecting fractions through optical fractionation, comprising:
N channels for providing N laminar input streams; at least one of the N laminar input streams containing fluid-borne particles; and
a holographic optical tweezer system for projecting an array of optical traps on a region of a junction of the channels to fractionate the fluid-borne particles in the N laminar input streams into M laminar output streams.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the holographic optical tweezer system comprises a diffractive optical element to dynamically control the fractionation of the fluid-borne particles.
10. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the optical array changes discretely across the junction to selectively fractionate the fluid-borne particles in the N laminar input streams into the M laminar output streams.
11. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the optical array changes continuously across the junction to selectively fractionate the fluid-borne particles in the N laminar input streams into the M laminar output streams.
12. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the optical array is designed to combine the fluid-borne particles in at least two laminar input streams (N=2) into one laminar output stream (M=1).
13. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the N input laminar streams contain drug molecules and microbes to be sorted based on the response of the microbes to the drug molecules.
14. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the N input laminar streams contain chemically reactive objects to be sorted according to size.
15. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the N input laminar streams contain chemically reactive objects to be sorted according to optical properties.
16. A method for selecting fractions through optical fractionation, comprising the following steps:
providing at least two channels that provide first and second laminar fluid flows respectively, at least one of the channels containing fluid-borne particles;
projecting using a holographic optical tweezer system at least two arrays of optical traps onto a region at a junction of at least the two channels, and
wherein the two arrays of optical traps each selectively deflect the fluid-borne particles for fractionating the fluid-borne particles according to a characteristic of the fluid-borne particles.
17. An apparatus for manipulating particles comprising:
a laser beam having a modulated phase profile; and
an optical trap array comprising a plurality of optical traps created from the laser beam and having a biasing force associated therewith.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the particles comprise non-compact objects.
19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein individual optical traps of the plurality of optical traps have a selectively weakened direction.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the directions of weakening for the individual optical traps are aligned with each other.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the directions of weakening for the individual optical traps are further aligned with the biasing force.
22. A method for characterizing a charged solute, comprising the steps of:
operatively spacing apart a first electrode and a second electrode to form an interelectrode gap;
providing an electrometer in communication with the first electrode and the second electrode;
projecting an array of optical traps positioned in the interelectrode gap; and
measuring the transverse voltage as the charged solute is driven through the optical array.
23. The method of claim 22, further comprising the steps of:
applying an external biasing force to a plurality of charged particles;
orienting the array at a plurality of angles with respect to the bias force; and
measuring the transverse voltage at each of the plurality of angles, wherein each measurement of the transverse voltage is associated with a corresponding angle of the array at which the measurement is made.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of determining a maximum transverse voltage, a minimum transverse voltage and the corresponding angles of the array.
25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of calculating the magnitude of the charged particles’ charge from the maximum transverse voltage, the minimum transverse voltage, and the respective corresponding angles of the array.
26. A method for optimizing the phase of a diffractive optical element for holographic optical tweezers, comprising the steps of:
selecting an array of discrete phase pixels with an associated projected field;
selecting at least one pixel from the array of discrete phase pixels, the pixel having a known phase value of the diffractive optical element;
changing a phase of the diffractive optical element at the at least one pixel from the known phase to a proposed phase;
computing a the change in the amplitude of the projected field associated with the proposed change in the phase value;
if the proposed phase change reduces an overall amplitude error, using and accepting the proposed phase as the known phase and repeating the changing and computing steps;
if the proposed amplitude does not reduce the overall amplitude error by at least a predetermined amount, disregarding the proposed phase; and
wherein the known phase has an optimized value to provide an optical trap array having improved uniformity.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the at least one pixel comprises a plurality of pixels.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein the array of discrete phase pixels approximates an ideal hologram for forming a desired array of optical traps.
29. An apparatus for generating holographic optical traps comprising:
a first laser beam whose light is operated on by a first diffractive optical element;
a first lens set for relaying the light operated on by the first diffractive optical element to a first dichroic mirror for reflecting the light of the second laser beam to an objective;
a second laser beam whose light is operated on by a second diffractive optical element;
the first lens positioned to relay the light operated on by the second diffractive optical element to a second dichroic mirror for reflecting the light of the second laser beam to the objective, and
wherein the first dichroic mirror transmits light from the second laser and reflects light from the first laser.
30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the first laser beam and the second laser beam are generated by a single laser.
31. An apparatus for generating holographic optical traps comprising:
a first laser in optical communication with a first diffractive optical element;
a second laser in optical communication with a second diffractive optical element;
a beam splitter in optical communication with the first diffractive element and the second diffractive element to direct laser beams of the first laser and the second laser to a first lens;
a mirror adapted to be in optical communication with the first laser and the second laser via the third lens and being in optical communication with a focusing element; and
wherein the mirror is designed to reflect the light of the first laser and the second laser.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the first mirror is reflective to light from the first laser.
33. The method of claim 31, further comprising a first beam splitter and a second beam splitter, wherein the first laser beam passes through the first beam splitter and the second laser beam is reflected by the second beam splitter.
34. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the holographic optical tweezer system simultaneously projects the at least two arrays of optical traps onto the region at the junction of at the least two channels.
35. A system for selecting fractions comprising:
a first laminar flow and a second laminar flow, at least one of which has a particles therein;
a junction between the first laminar flow and the second laminar flow;
a first laser source for producing a first beam of light having a first wavelength;
a second laser source for producing a second beam of light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;
a light beam directing mechanism for simultaneously forming at least a first optical trap and an second optical trap from the first beam of light and the second beam of light, respectively, at the junction; and
wherein the two optical traps each selectively deflect the particles according to characteristic of the particles.
36. A method for creating holographic optical traps of different color by generating at least one light beam and passing the at least one light beam through a diffractive optical element, the improvement characterized by separating one color from another color in the light beam passed through the diffractive optical element; and creating a holographic optical trap from each of the separated colors.
37. The method as defined in claim 36 wherein the light beam comprises a plurality of laser beams.
38. The method as defined in claim 36 wherein the one color and the other color can include different phase modulation applied to each color from the diffractive optical element.
39. The method as defined in claim 38 wherein the one color and the other color are formed into holographic optical traps of different patterns.
40. The method as defined in claim 36 wherein the step of separating the one color from the another color includes passing the light beam through an optical element.
41. The method as defined in claim 40 wherein the optical element is selected from the group consisting of a reflecting element and a transmitting element.
42. The method as defined in claim 40 wherein the optical element is selected from the group consisting of a dichroic mirror, a partially silvered mirror and a polarization selective beam splitter.
43. The method as defined in claim 36 further including the step of forming color images using each separate color of the holographic optical trap.
44. The method as defined in claim 36 wherein the light beam is created by a wavelength selectable laser beam source.
45. The method as defined in claim 44 wherein the laser beam source provides a single laser beam.
46. The method as defined in claim 36 wherein the diffractive optical element includes at least one of a transmissive and a reflective optical element.
47. An apparatus for creating a plurality of optical traps of different color with the apparatus including a laser beam source and a diffractive optical element, the improvement characterized by an optical system for separating one color from another color in the laser beam and an optical element to project optical traps of the one color spatially separate from the second color.
48. The apparatus as defined in claim 47 wherein the optical system includes at least one of a reflecting element and a transmissive element.
49. The apparatus as defined in claim 47 wherein the diffractive optical element is programmed to apply a first phase modulation to the one color and a second phase modulation to the another color.