1-24. (canceled)
25. An image forming method comprising:
forming toner images of different colors on a photoconductor of an image forming apparatus; and
transferring the toner image on an output medium or an intermediate transfer member of the image forming apparatus,
wherein the image forming apparatus comprises:
the photoconductor which comprises a support, and at least a photoconductive layer disposed above the support;
an electrostatic charger for uniformly charging the photoconductor, being arranged at a distance from the photoconductor of 100 \u03bcm or less;
a light irradiator for irradiating a coherent light imagewisely to the photoconductor; and
the output medium,
wherein the image forming apparatus optionally comprise the intermediate transfer member,
wherein I(S) at a surface of the photoconductor and I(S) at an interface of the photoconductive layer on a side of the support are each 5.0\xd710\u22123 or less, and
wherein a sum of I(S) at the surface of the photoconductor and I(S) at the interface of the photoconductive layer on the side of the support is 3.0\xd710\u22123 or more,
each I(S) being determined by:
subjecting a group of data of N samples of height X(\u03c4) \u03bcm of a profile curve at the surface of the photoconductor or of a profile curve at the interface at the interface of the photoconductive layer on the side of the support, to discrete Fourier transform, according to following Equation 1, the N samples being taken at intervals of \u0394t \u03bcm in a reference line direction; and
subjecting the resulting data to calculations according to following Equations 2 and 3,
x
\u2061
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
=
\u2211
m
=
0
N
–
1
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
x
\u2061
(
m
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
\u2062
exp
\u2061
(
–
\u21482\u03c0
\xb7
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
\xb7
m
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
Equation
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
1
wherein n and m are each an integer, and N is 2\u03c1, where \u03c1 is an integer,
S
\u2061
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
=
1
N
\xb7
\uf603
X
\u2061
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
\uf604
2
Equation
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
2
I
\u2061
(
S
)
=
(
1
N
)
\u2062
\u2211
n
=
0
N
–
1
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
{
S
\u2062
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
}
.
Equation
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
3
26. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein \u0394t is from 0.01 to 50.00 \u03bcm and N is 2048 or more.
27. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein the photoconductor comprises a conductive support as the support, at least the photoconductive layer disposed above the support, and particles exposed from the surface of the photoconductor.
28. An image forming method according to claim 27, wherein the particles exposed from the surface of the photoconductor have a primary particle diameter of from 0.01 to 1.0 \u03bcm.
29. An image forming method according to claim 27, wherein the particles exposed from the surface of the photoconductor are metallic oxide particles.
30. An image forming method according to claim 29, wherein the particles exposed from the surface of the photoconductor are aluminum oxide particles prepared by a gas phase process.
31. An image forming method according to claim 27, wherein the surface of the photoconductor comprises a polycarbonate resin, a metallic oxide, and a charge transporting material.
32. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein the support of the photoconductor is one of an unmachined drum and an unmachined belt.
33. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein the support of the photoconductor is a drum machined with a flat cutting tool.
34. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein an image formed by the image forming method has a resolution of 1000 dpi or higher.
35. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein the image forming apparatus further comprises an applicator configured to apply a lubricant to the surface of the photoconductor.
36. An image forming method according to claim 35, wherein the lubricant is zinc stearate.
37. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein the coherent light has a wavelength \u03bb of 700 \u03bcm or less.
38. An image forming method according to claim 25, further comprising outputting a plurality of writing light beams simultaneously to the photoconductor so as to form images thereon.
39. An image forming method according to claim 25, further comprising outputting a writing light imagewisely to the photoconductor according to a multiple-valued tone reproduction system so as to form an image thereon.
40. An image forming method according to claim 25, wherein the photoconductor further comprises a charge transporting layer having a thickness of 15 \u03bcm or less.
41. An image forming method according to claims 25, wherein the toner image is formed of a toner having an average particle diameter of 8 \u03bcm or less.
42. An manage forming method according to claim 25, wherein the intermediate transfer member is an elastic belt.
43. An image forming method according to claim 42, wherein the color toner image formed on the intermediate transfer belt has a maximum thickness of 30 \u03bcm or more.
44. An image forming method comprising:
forming toner images of different colors on a plurality of photoconductors of an image forming apparatus, respectively; and
transferring the toner images on an output medium or an intermediate transfer member of the image forming apparatus,
wherein the image forming apparatus comprises:
the plurality of photoconductors each of which comprises a support, and at least a photoconductive layer disposed above the support;
an electrostatic charger for uniformly charging the photoconductor, being arranged at a distance from the photoconductor of 100 \u03bcm or less;
a light irradiator for irradiating a coherent light imagewisely to the photoconductor; and
the output medium,
wherein the image forming apparatus optionally comprise the intermediate transfer member,
wherein I(S) at a surface of the photoconductor and I(S) at an interface of the photoconductive layer on a side of the support are each 5.0\xd710\u22123 or less, and
wherein a sum of I(S) at the surface of the photoconductor and I(S) at the interface of the photoconductive layer on the side of the support is 3.0\xd710\u22123 or more,
each I(S) being determined by:
subjecting a group of data of N samples of height X(t) \u03bcm of a profile curve at the surface of the photoconductor or of a profile curve at the interface of the photoconductive layer on the side of the support, to discrete Fourier transform according to following Equation 1, the N samples being taken at intervals of \u0394t \u03bcm in a reference line direction; and
subjecting the resulting data to calculations according to following Equations 2 and 3,
x
\u2061
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
=
\u2211
m
=
0
N
–
1
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
x
\u2061
(
m
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
\u2062
exp
\u2061
(
–
\u21482\u03c0
\xb7
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
\xb7
m
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
Equation
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
1
wherein n and m are each an integer, and N is 2\u03c1, where \u03c1 is an integer,
S
\u2061
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
=
1
N
\xb7
\uf603
X
\u2061
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
)
\uf604
2
Equation
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
2
I
\u2061
(
S
)
=
(
1
N
)
\u2062
\u2211
n
=
0
N
–
1
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
{
S
\u2062
(
n
N
\xb7
\u0394
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
t
}
.
Equation
\u2062
\u2003
\u2062
3
45. An image forming method according to claim 45, wherein said transferring is to sequentially transfer the toner images of different colors onto an elastic intermediate transfer belt serving as the intermediate transfer member, and
wherein the image forming method further comprising:
after the transferring, secondary transferring the stacked toner image onto the output medium so as to form an image.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of detecting malware on a computer and comprising scanning a system memory of the computer, andor code being injected into the system memory, for known Universal Resource Locators andor partial Universal Resource Locators, which Locators or partial Locators are indicative of malware.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said Universal Resource Locators andor partial Universal Resource Locators are indicative of financial transactions.
3. A method according to claim 1 and comprising maintaining a list of known Universal Resource Locators andor partial Universal Resource Locators on the computer and periodically updating the list by downloading updates from a service provider.
4. A method according to claim 1 and comprising scanning only when an Internet browser is open.
5. A method according to claim 1 and comprising, upon detecting a known Universal Resource Locators andor partial Universal Resource Locators, locating the source and determining whether or not the source is an authorised source.
6. A method according to claim 1 and comprising performing the scan for known Universal Resource Locators andor partial Universal Resource Locators, where the known Universal Resource Locators andor partial Universal Resource Locators are in an encrypted form.
7. A method of detecting malware on a computer and comprising:
detecting when an Internet browser is opened; and
upon said detection, scanning code being injected into the system memory for known strings indicative of malware.
8. A method according to claim 7 and comprising scanning only code being injected into a part of the system memory associated with the Internet browser.
9. A method of detecting malware on a computer and comprising scanning a system memory of the computer, allocated to an emulation environment, andor code being injected into the system memory, for known strings indicative of malware.
10. A method of detecting malware on a computer and comprising scanning memory of the computer andor code being injected into the memory for known banking strings.
11. A method according to claim 10, wherein said strings are bank URLs or partial bank URLs.
12. A method according to claim 10 and comprising triggering a scan based upon one or more of:
a process seeking to open, modify or monitor a browser;
a process seeking to perform image or video capture on a web browser;
a process seeking to install a browser plugin or browser help object;
a process seeking to install a Layered Socket Provider.
13. A method according to claim 10 and comprising scanning one or more of:
system memory;
driver memory;
kernel memory.
14. A method according to claim 1, wherein said scanning is performed by a hypervisor.
15. A computer program for use on a computer and arranged in use to scan system memory of the computer andor code being injected into the system memory, for known strings indicative of malware.
16. A method of detecting malware on a computer and comprising:
pre-defining one or more suspect inter-process communication functions as suspect;
detecting a call to a suspect function; and
upon detection, scanning part or all of the system memory for known banking strings.
17. A method according to claim 16 and comprising scanning only system memory associated with the process or processes making the detected function call.
18. A method according to claim 16, wherein the or each function is one of an API call, COM, OLE, and DDE function.