1. An angular and axial position sensor arrangement, including:
L axially adjacent sensors, where L is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, and
an encoded member that is angularly and axially displaceable relative to the sensors,
wherein the encoded member comprises N axial detection encoded rings, which are axially adjacent, and where N is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, for which N\u22121 adjacent axial detection encoded rings are with value A along their entire circumference and an Nth encoded ring is with value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference, said values A and B being distinguishable by one or several of the L sensors to determine an axial position of the encoded member, in a first axial position with the first sensor overlapping the first axial detection encoded ring, and in an Nth axial position with the first sensor overlapping the Nth axial detection encoded ring,
wherein the encoded member comprises M angular detection encoded rings, the first of which is axially adjacent to the Nth axial detection encoded ring of the N axial detection encoded rings, where M is a whole number greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the M encoded rings comprise a coding pattern composed of A and B values along their circumference to determine angular position by the sensors.
2. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the encoded member is axially displaceable in discrete steps relative to the L sensors.
3. The sensor arrangement according to claim 2, wherein an axial displacement step size of the encoded member corresponds to the axial width of any axial detection encoded ring and any angular detection encoded ring.
4. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the distance between any two sensors corresponds to the axial width of one of the axial detection encoded rings or angular detection encoded rings.
5. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes a first sensor axially adjacent to a second sensor, and the encoded member with a first axial detection encoded ring adjacent to a second axial detection ring, and an angular detection encoded ring adjacent to the second axial detection ring, and wherein the first axial detection encoded ring has value A along its entire circumference, whereas the second axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
6. The sensor arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the encoded member is axially displaceable from a default position to at least a retracted position.
7. The sensor arrangement according to claim 6, wherein in the default position the first sensor radially overlaps the first axial detection encoded ring and the second sensor radially overlaps the second axial detection encoded ring, and wherein in the retracted position, the first sensor radially overlaps the second axial detection encoded ring and the second sensor radially overlaps the angular detection encoded ring.
8. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes at least first and second sensors which are axially adjacent, and the encoded member with first, second, and third axial detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, and one or more angular detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, said first angular detection encoded ring being adjacent to the third axial detection ring, and wherein first and second axial detection encoded rings have value A along their entire circumference, whereas the third axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
9. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the number M of angular detection encoded rings is less than or equal to L\u22121, where L is the number of sensors.
10. The sensor arrangement according to claim 8, wherein the coding patterns from the angular detection encoded rings form a binary code or a Gray code.
11. The sensor arrangement according to claim 10, wherein the code is repeated 2 times or more around the encoded member.
12. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes at least first, second and third sensors which are axially adjacent, and the encoded member with first, second, third and fourth axial detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, and at least two angular detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, said first angular detection encoded ring being adjacent to the fourth axial detection ring, and wherein first, second and third axial detection encoded rings have value A along their entire circumference, whereas the fourth axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
13. The sensor arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the coding patterns from the angular detection encoded rings form a binary code or a Gray code.
14. The sensor arrangement according to claim 13, wherein the code is repeated 2 times or more around the encoded member.
15. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the sensor arrangement includes at least L=N\u22121 sensors which are axially adjacent, and the encoded member with N axial detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, and at least M=N\u22122 angular detection encoded rings which are axially adjacent, said first angular detection encoded ring being adjacent to the Nth axial detection ring, and wherein the first N\u22121 axial detection encoded rings have value A along their entire circumference, whereas the Nth axial detection encoded ring has value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference.
16. The sensor arrangement according to claim 15, wherein the coding patterns from the angular detection encoded rings form a binary code or a Gray code.
17. The sensor arrangement according to claim 16, wherein the code is repeated 2 times or more around the encoded member.
18. The sensor arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the encoded member is axially displaceable step by step from a depressed position to a default position, to a first retracted position and to a second retracted position.
19. The sensor arrangement according to claim 18, wherein in the depressed position, the first, second and third sensors radially overlap the first, second and third axial detection encoded rings and a fourth sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, wherein in the default position, the first and second sensors radially overlap the second and third axial detection encoded rings, the third sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, and the fourth sensor radially overlaps the first angular detection encoded ring, wherein in the first retracted position, the first sensor radially overlaps the third axial detection encoded ring, the second sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, and third and fourth sensors radially overlap the first and second angular detection encoded rings, and wherein in the second retracted position, the first sensor radially overlaps the fourth axial detection encoded ring, and the second, third and fourth sensors radially overlap the first, second and third angular detection encoded rings.
20. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising a measurement unit coupled to the L sensors to determine the axial position and angular position of the encoded member.
21. The sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the L sensors interact electrically, magnetically, capacitively or optically with the corresponding encoded rings.
22. An electronic instrument comprising an adjustment unit having at least one sensor arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the encoded member is arranged on an angularly and axially displaceable element.
23. The electronic instrument according to claim 22, for which said electronic instrument is an electronic watch, wherein the encoded member is one part of a rod with a crown on one end.
24. A method of determining angular position and axial position of an encoded member by means of a sensor arrangement that includes L axially adjacent sensors, where L is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, and an encoded member that is angularly and axially displaceable relative to the sensors, wherein the encoded member includes N axial detection encoded rings, which are axially adjacent, and where N is a whole number greater than or equal to 2, for which N\u22121 adjacent axial detection encoded rings are with value A along their entire circumference and an Nth encoded ring is with value B, different from value A, along its entire circumference, said values A and B being distinguishable by one or several of the L sensors to determine an axial position of the encoded member, in a first axial position with the first sensor overlapping the first axial detection encoded ring, and in an Nth axial position with the first sensor overlapping the Nth axial detection encoded ring, and wherein the encoded member comprises M angular detection encoded rings, the first of which is axially adjacent to the Nth axial detection encoded ring of the N axial detection encoded rings, where M is a whole number greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the M encoded rings comprise a coding pattern composed of A and B values along their circumference to determine angular position by the sensors, the method, comprising:
receiving L signals from the L sensors;
analyzing the L signals to at least determine the axial position of the encoded member, in which a measurement unit coupled to the L sensors determines the axial position by counting the number of A values that are measured before the first B value from the N axial detection encoded rings detected by the sensors; and
changing a mode of an electronic instrument based on the determined axial position.
25. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer readable instructions thereon that when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method comprising:
processing L signals from L sensors; and
analyzing the L signals to at least determine an axial position of an encoded member, in which a measurement unit coupled to the L sensors determines the axial position by counting a number of A values before a first B value measured from an N axial detection encoded rings detected by the sensors.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A single crystal spinel material, the material having a non-stoichiometric composition and having a transparency window represented by absorptivity over a wavelength range, the wavelength range extending from about 400 nm to about 800 nm, the transparency window being defined as the largest single absorptivity peak height along said wavelength range, the largest single peak height being not greater than 0.35 cm\u22121.
2. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 2000 nm.
3. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 3000 nm.
4. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 3500 nm.
5. The material of claim 1, wherein the wavelength range extends up to about 4000 nm.
6. The material of claim 1, wherein the height is not greater than about 0.30 cm\u22121.
7. The material of claim 1, wherein the height is not greater than about 0.25 cm\u22121.
8. The material of claim 1, wherein the height is not greater than about 0.20 cm\u22121.
9. The material of claim 1, wherein the material consists essentially of a single spinel phase, with substantially no secondary phases.
10. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has the general formula aAD\xb7bE2D3, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, Ba, Sr, Cd, Fe, and combinations thereof, E is selected from the group consisting Al, In, Cr, Sc, Lu, Fe, and combinations thereof, and D is selected from the group consisting O, S, Se, and combinations thereof, wherein a ratio b:a>1:1 such that the material is rich in E2D3.
11. The material of claim 10, wherein A is Mg, D is O, and E is Al, such that the material has the formula aMgO\xb7bAl2O3, the material consisting essentially of aMgO\xb7bAl2O3.
12. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 1.2:1.
13. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 1.5:1.
14. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 2.0:1.
15. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not less than about 2.5:1.
16. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is about 3:1.
17. The material of claim 11, wherein the ratio b:a is not greater than about 4:1.
18. The material of claim 11, wherein the material has a lower mechanical stress and strain compared to stoichiometric spinel.
19. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a laser damage threshold of not less than about 3.00 GWcm2, at a wavelength of 1064 nm.
20. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a laser damage threshold of not less than about 3.25 GWcm2, at a wavelength of 1064 nm.
21. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a laser damage threshold of not less than about 3.50 GWcm2, at a wavelength of 1064 nm.
22. The material of claim 1, wherein the material is in the form of an optical window.
23. The material of claim 1, wherein the material is in the form of an optical mirror.
24. The material of claim 1, wherein the material is in the form of a light pipe.