1. A method of cooling an insertable, movable, or implantable magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) system comprising:
inserting or moving an MRI device or a portion thereof;
cooling the inserted MRI device or a portion thereof by use of an extrinsic cooling unit leads which remove heat from the inserted MRI device by thermal conduction, convection or radiation; and
providing a series of tubing leads filled with an electrically conductive fluid which conducts electricity to and from the inserted MRI device.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the series of tubing leads further uses the electrically conducting fluid for electrical transmission to and from the inserted MRI device and for cooling to remove thermal load; and which circulates the electrically conductive fluid, wherein the series of tubing leads are hollow and tubular, and carry a cooling electrically-conductive liquid conduct electrical impulses to and from the inserted MRI device, for electrically-isolated cooling to remove thermal load; and wherein the tubing leads are electrically isolated from each other.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein MRI magnets position chemical elements, wherein the magnetic field of the inserted MRI device is increased or decreased to move magnetically affected particles throughout the object under test.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein MRI magnets position chemical elements, wherein the magnetic field of an MRI machine is increased or decreased to move magnetically affected particles throughout an object under test, and wherein additional cooling is provided during a period of magnetic activity to increase speed of chemical movement or move ferrous objects.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrically conducting fluid comprises a saline solution in water.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the series of tubing leads are filled with an external electrode which introduces current for magnetic or radio-frequency MRI use and the external electrode is carried by the electrically conducting fluid to the inserted MRI device.
7. A method of cooling a magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) system comprising:
inserting an MRI device or a portion thereof with solid or stranded electrically-conducting cooling leads; and
cooling the inserted MRI device or a portion thereof by use of an extrinsic cooling unit lead which removes heat from the inserted MRI device by thermal conduction;
wherein MRI magnets position chemical elements, wherein the magnetic field of the inserted MRI device is increased or decreased to move magnetically affected particles throughout an object under test.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the cooling is performed by electrical wiring made of a conducting metal; with the electrical wiring conducting electrical impulses to and from the inserted MRI device, and with the electric wiring extrinsically cooled to remove thermal load at a position outside the inserted MRI device.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising a non-electrically conductive, thermally-conductive cooled material which is in contact with the electrical wiring to dissipate heat.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein electrical wiring conducts electrical impulses to and from the inserted MRI device, and wherein the cooling is performed by a thermally conducting material adjacent to the insulation of the electrical wiring, being extrinsically cooled to remove thermal load at a position outside the inserted MRI device.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the thermally conducting material is adjacent to an outer wire insulation and attached to a solid heat drain.
12. A method of cooling an insertable, movable, or implantable magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) system comprising:
inserting or moving an MRI device or a portion thereof; and
cooling the inserted MRI device or a portion thereof by use of an extrinsic cooling unit leads which remove heat from the inserted MRI device by thermal conduction, convection, or radiation,
wherein MRI magnets position chemical elements, wherein the magnetic field of the inserted MRI device is increased or decreased to move magnetically affected particles throughout an object under test.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing tubing leads which uses a heat conducting fluid such as water for cooling to remove thermal load, and which circulate the fluid, without conducting electricity to and from the inserted MRI device.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
We claim:
1. A recombinant xylose-fermenting yeast strain comprising heterologous polynucleotide sequences comprising a PsXYL1, a PsXYL2, and a PsXYL3.
2. The recombinant strain of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide nucleotide sequence comprising PsXYL3 comprises the promoter natively associated with the PsXYL3 coding sequence.
3. The recombinant strain of claim 1, wherein xylulokinase is expressed at a moderate level.
4. The recombinant strain of claim 1, wherein the strain comprises the PSXYL3 sequence integrated into its genome.
5. The recombinant strain of claim 4, wherein the strain comprises from two to ten copies of the PsXYL3 sequence integrated into its genome.
6. The recombinant strain of claim 5, wherein the strain comprises three or four copies of the PsXYL3 sequence integrated into its genome.
7. The recombinant strain of claim 1, wherein the strain is a member of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
8. The recombinant strain of claim 7, wherein the strain comprises the identifying characteristics of the strain deposited as NRRL Y-30602.
9. The recombinant strain of claim 1, wherein the strain has reduced respiration relative to the strain from which it was derived.
10. The strain of claim 9, wherein the strain is a member of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
11. The recombinant strain of claim 9, wherein the strain ferments xylose to ethanol at a higher rate than the strain from which it was derived.
12. The recombinant strain of claim 10, wherein the strain comprises the identifying characteristics of the strain deposited as NRRL Y-30603.
13. A method of producing ethanol from the fermentation of xylose comprising:
contacting the recombinant strain of claim 1 with xylose-containing material under suitable conditions for a period of time sufficient to allow fermentation of xylose to ethanol.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the recombinant strain has reduced respiration relative to the strain from which it was derived.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the recombinant strain ferments xylose to ethanol at a higher rate than the strain from which it was derived.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the recombinant strain comprises the identifying characteristics of the strain deposited as NRRL Y-30602.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the recombinant strain comprises the identifying characteristics of the strain deposited as NRRL Y-30603.
18. A method of obtaining a recombinant yeast strain expressing xylulokinase at a moderate level comprising:
transforming a recombinant strain of yeast expressing PsXYL1 and PsXYL2 with an expression vector comprising PsXYL3 and an insertion sequence, growing the transformants in xylose-containing medium, and selecting transformants for rapid growth on xylose.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising screening the selected transformants for ethanol production.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the yeast strain is a member of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the insertion sequence is a 6 sequence.
22. A recombinant yeast strain made by the method of claim 18.