1. A system for production of molecular hydrogen at a pressure between about 0.3 atmospheres and about 5 atmospheres, comprising:
a plasma reformer configured to receive a liquid feed and produce a gas stream from the liquid feed, wherein the plasma reformer is configured generate a plasma at a pressure between about 0.3 atmospheres and about 5 atmospheres, and wherein the gas stream comprises molecular hydrogen.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed comprises liquid oxygenated hydrocarbons.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed is ethanol.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed comprises at least 5 vol % oxygenated hydrocarbons based on the total volume of the liquid feed.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed comprises hydrocarbons.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the plasma reformer comprises:
one or more elongated anode electrodes;
a cathode electrode positioned opposite one or more of the elongated anode electrodes; and
a current supply source configured to supply current to one or more of the elongated anode electrodes and the cathode electrode such that plasma is generated in a gap between the cathode and one or more of the elongated electrodes.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the gap between the cathode and one or more of the elongated electrodes ranges from about 1 millimeter to about 100 millimeter.
8. The system of claim 6, wherein the plasma reformer has an inlet and an outlet and the liquid feed flows from the inlet to the outlet in a direction parallel to the cathode electrode.
9. The system of claim 6, wherein the plasma reformer has an inlet and an outlet and the liquid feed flows in a direction perpendicular to the cathode electrode.
10. The system of claim 6, wherein a shape of at least one of the discharge ends of at least one of the elongated anode electrodes is convex.
11. The system of claim 6, wherein the current is an alternating current.
12. The system of claim 6, wherein the current is direct current.
13. The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more power supplies configured to supply current to the plasma reformer and electrical swing adsorption system.
14. The system of claim 1, further comprising a fuel cell coupled to the plasma reformer.
15. A method of producing molecular hydrogen at a pressure between about 0.3 atmospheres and about 5 atmospheres, comprising:
providing a liquid feed to a plasma reformer; and
contacting a liquid feed with plasma to produce a gas stream comprising molecular hydrogen and carbon oxides, wherein a total pressure of the plasma reformer is between about 0.3 atmospheres and about 5 atmospheres.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein a total pressure of the plasma reformer is between about 1 atmospheres and about 3 atmospheres.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the carbon oxides comprise carbon monoxide, and the method further comprises contacting the gas stream with one or more water gas shift catalysts.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein contacting the carbon monoxide with the water gas shift catalysts converts the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. (canceled)
2. A method of preparing a sulfide-containing polythiol represented by the following structural formulas
comprising:
(a) introducing asym-dichloroacetone together with a polymercaptan; and
(b) introducing the reaction product of (a) with a material chosen from polymercaptoalkylsulfide, polymercaptan and mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein (a) is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein (b) is carried out in the presence of a base.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein at least one of the reactions of step (a) and (b) is carried out in the presence of a solvent.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the asym-dichloroacetone is 1,1-dichloroacetone.
7. The method of claim 2, wherein the polymercaptan in (a) is chosen from materials represented by the following structural formula:
wherein Y\u2550CH2 or (CH2\u2014S\u2014CH2) and n=an integer from 0 to 5, and mixtures thereof.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the polymercaptan in (a) is chosen from ethanedithiol, propanedithiol and mixtures thereof.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the polymercaptan in (b) is chosen from aromatic polymercaptans, cycloalkyl polymercaptans, heterocyclic polymercaptans, branched polymercaptans, materials represented by the following general formula:
wherein Y\u2550CH2 and n=an integer from 0 to 5, and mixtures thereof.
10. The method of claim 2 wherein the polymercaptan in (a) to prepare structural formulas IV\u2032a and b is ethanedithiol.
11. The method of claim 2 wherein the polymercaptan in (a) to prepare structural formulas IV\u2032c and d is 1,3-propanedithiol.
12. The method of claim 2 wherein the polymercaptan in (b) to prepare structural formulas IV\u2032a and c is 1,2-ethanedithiol.
13. The method of claim 2 wherein the polymercaptoalkylsulfide in (b) is chosen from materials represented by the following general formula:
wherein X represents O, S or Se, n is an integer from 0 to 10, m is an integer from 0 to 10, p is an integer from 1 to 10, and q is an integer from 0 to 3, (m+n) is an integer from 1 to 20, and mixtures thereof.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the polymercaptoalkylsulfide in (b) to prepare structural formulas IV\u2032b and d is dimercaptoethylsulfide.
15. The method of claim 2 wherein in (a), the equivalent ratio of asym-dichloroacetone to polymercaptan is from 1:1 to 1:10.
16. The method of claim 2 wherein in (b), the equivalent ratio of reaction product of (a) to material chosen from polymercaptan, polymercaptoalkylsulfide, or a mixture thereof, can be from 1:1.01 to 1:2.
17. A composition comprising at least one sulfide-containing oligomeric polythiol chosen from materials represented by the following structural formulas:
wherein n represents an integer from 1 to 20.
18. A method of preparing a sulfide-containing oligomeric polythiol represented by the following structural formulas:
wherein n represents an integer from 1 to 20,
comprising introducing asym-dichloroacetone together with polymercaptoalkylsulfide.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a base.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent.
21. The method of claim 18 wherein the asym-dichloroacetone is 1,1-dichloroacetone.
22. The method of claim 18 wherein the polymercaptoalkylsulfide is chosen from materials represented by the following general formula:
wherein X represents O, S or Se, n is an integer from 0 to 10, m is an integer from 0 to 10, p is an integer from 1 to 10, q is an integer from 0 to 3, and (m+n) is an integer from 1 to 20.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the polymercaptoalkylsulfide is dimercaptoethylsulfide.
24. The method of claim 18 wherein \u201cn\u201d moles of asym-dichloroacetone and \u201cn+1\u201d moles of polymercaptoalkylsulfide are present in the reaction, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 20.