1. An image forming apparatus, comprising:
a delivery roller delivering printing paper by rotating with respect to a predetermined axial line; and
a generator having a rotating shaft adapted to rotate on the axial line by the delivery roller.
2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
a generator clutch disposed between the delivery roller and the rotating shaft adapted to turn on and off transfer of a rotatory force of the delivery roller.
3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
a rotating handle is adapted to be coupled to the delivery roller and to rotate the delivery roller.
4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
the rotating handle has a connecting arm removably attachable to the delivery roller.
5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the connecting arm extends in a radial direction of the delivery roller.
6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, wherein
a gripper extends in a direction substantially parallel to the axial line of the delivery roller from an end of the connecting arm.
7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
a driving part rotates the delivery roller; and
a one-way clutch is disposed between the driving part and the delivery roller and is adapted to transfer driving power from the driving part only in a predetermined delivery direction of the printing paper.
8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
a rotating handle is coupled to the delivery roller and rotates the delivery roller.
9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein
the rotating handle has a connecting arm removably attachable to the delivery roller and extending in a radial direction of the delivery roller.
10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein
a gripper extends in a direction substantially parallel to the axial line of the delivery roller at an end of the connecting arm.
11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein
a driving part rotates the delivery roller; and
a one-way clutch is disposed between the driving part and the delivery roller and transfers driving power from the driving part only in a predetermined delivery direction of the printing paper.
12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
a rectifier is connected to the generator to rectify induced electrical power generated by the generator.
13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 12, wherein
an accumulator is connected to the rectifier to accumulate the rectified electrical power.
14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 13, wherein
an image forming unit is adapted to form an image, and
the accumulator supplies the accumulated electrical power to the image forming unit.
15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the generator includes
a rotating shaft rotatably coupled to the delivery roller;
a stator; and
a rotor rotatably coupled to the rotating shaft and rotatably disposed within the stator.
16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein
a plurality of coils are wound on the stator in a direction substantially parallel to the axial line.
17. A method of generating electricity with an image forming apparatus, comprising the steps of
moving a generator clutch disposed between a delivery roller and a rotating shaft rotatably coupled thereto to a closed condition; and
rotating the delivery roller to rotate the rotating shaft, which rotates a rotor rotabably coupled thereto within a stator, thereby generating induced electrical power.
18. A method of generating electricity with an image forming apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising
sending the induced electrical power to a rectifier; and
rectifying the induced electrical power with the rectifier.
19. A method of generating electricity with an image forming apparatus according to claim 18, further comprising
sending the rectified electrical power to an accumulator; and
accumulating the accumulated electrical power with the accumulator.
20. A method of generating electricity with an image forming apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising
sensing the electrical power level of a power source part electrically connected to an image forming unit; and
rotating the delivery roller when the sensed power level falls below a predetermined value to generate induced electrical power.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method comprising:
providing a low-polymer-load fracturing fluid comprising an aqueous carrier fluid, proppant, and polymer-treated degradable fibers that have been treated with a crosslinkable, hydratable polymer on the fiber surface, the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid having an initial viscosity;
placing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid into a portion of a subterranean formation at a rate to generate pressure above fracture gradient to form or enhance at least one fracture in the portion of the subterranean formation;
placing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid into the fracture and allowing the polymer to crosslink to form crosslinks between the polymer-treated degradable fibers so as to increase the viscosity of the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid to a gelled viscosity, the gelled viscosity being higher than the initial viscosity; and
allowing the polymer-treated degradable fibers to degrade so that the viscosity of the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid is reduced to a broken viscosity, the broken viscosity being lower than the gelled viscosity of the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid has a polymer load of about 0.1 lbs1000 gallons to about 15 lbs1000 gallons.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the gelled viscosity is attributable to a mesh network.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer-treated degradable fibers comprise a fiber that comprises a degradable polymer selected from the group consisting of: an aliphatic polyester; a poly(lactide); a poly(glycolide); a poly(\u03b5-caprolactone); a poly(hydroxybutyrate); a polyanhydride; an aliphatic polycarbonate; a poly(orthoester); a poly(amide); a poly(urethane); a poly(hydroxy ester ether); a poly(phosphazene); a derivative thereof; and a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer-treated degradable fibers have an average or effective diameter of about 2 microns to about 200 microns, and a length of at least about 1 millimeter.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising before providing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid, providing a highly viscous concentrate that comprises the polymer-treated degradable fibers and an aqueous carrier fluid and mixing the polymer-treated degradable fibers to form a low-polymer-load fracturing fluid.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising before providing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid, providing spray-coated polymer-treated degradable fibers and providing an aqueous carrier fluid, and mixing the spray-coated polymer-treated degradable fibers with the aqueous carrier fluid to form a low-polymer-load fracturing fluid.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the crosslinkable, hydratable polymer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: a biopolymer, a synthetic polymer, xanthan, scleroglucan, succinoglycan, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, hydroxyethylcellulose, guar, a guar derivative, hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl guar, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose a polyacrylamide, and any combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid further comprises an external breaker, a pH-adjusting agent, a chelating agent, a biocide, a de-emulsifier, a surfactant, a salt, a crosslinking agent, a buffer, a clay inhibitor, an iron-control additive, an external breaker, caustic, a relative permeability modifiers, and any combination thereof. The method of claim 1 wherein the carrier fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: a gas, water, fresh water, salt water, brine and seawater.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the proppant particulates comprise proppant particulates selected from the group consisting of: graded sand, bauxite, a ceramic material, a glass material, a walnut hull, a polymer bead, and any combination thereof.
11. A method comprising:
providing a low-polymer-load fracturing fluid comprising an aqueous carrier fluid, and polymer-treated degradable fibers that have been treated with a crosslinkable, hydratable polymer on the fiber surface;
introducing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore at a pressure sufficient to create or enhance a fracture in the subterranean formation; and
allowing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid to form a proppant matrix in the fracture.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid further comprises proppant.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid has a polymer load of about 0.1 lbs1000 gallons to about 15 lbs1000 gallons.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer-treated degradable fibers comprise a fiber that comprises a degradable polymer selected from the group consisting of: an aliphatic polyester; a poly(lactide); a poly(glycolide); a poly(\u03b5-caprolactone); a poly(hydroxybutyrate); a polyanhydride; an aliphatic polycarbonate; a poly(orthoester); a poly(amide); a poly(urethane); a poly(hydroxy ester ether); and a poly(phosphazene).
15. The method of claim 11 further comprising before providing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid, providing a highly viscous concentrate that comprises the polymer-treated degradable fibers and an aqueous carrier fluid and mixing the polymer-treated degradable fibers to form a low-polymer-load fracturing fluid at a well site.
16. The method of claim 11 further comprising before providing the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid, providing spray-coated polymer-treated degradable fibers and providing an aqueous carrier fluid, and mixing the spray-coated polymer-treated degradable fibers with the aqueous carrier fluid to form a low-polymer-load fracturing fluid at a well site.
17. The method of claim 11 wherein the crosslinkable, hydratable polymer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: a biopolymer, a synthetic polymer, xanthan, scleroglucan, succinoglycan, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, hydroxyethylcellulose, guar, a guar derivative, hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl guar, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose a polyacrylamide, and any combination thereof.
18. A low-polymer-load fracturing fluid comprising an aqueous carrier fluid, proppant, and a mesh network created by polymers crosslinking between polymer-treated degradable fibers that have been at least partially treated with a polymer on the fiber surface.
19. The low-polymer-load fracturing fluid of claim 18 wherein the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid has a polymer load of about 0.1 lbs1000 gallons to about 15 lbs1000 gallons.
20. A system comprising:
a mixing tank, the mixing tank comprising a low-polymer-load fracturing fluid that comprises an aqueous carrier fluid, optionally proppant, and a mesh network created by polymers crosslinking between andor among polymer-treated degradable fibers that have been at least partially treated with a polymer on the fiber surface;
a well head;
a tubular having an orifice through which the low-polymer-load fracturing fluid can be placed into a subterranean formation matrix; and
a high pressure pump.