1. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising:
insulin in an amount effective for the control of diabetes; and
glucagon in an amount effective for the prevention of hypoglycemia in a human or other mammal, wherein said pharmaceutical formulation is configured to be administered subcutaneously, and wherein a ratio of insulin to glucagon is about 1 unit of insulin to between more than 40 milliunits to 200 milliunits of glucagon.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of glucagon is between about 50 and 100 milliunits.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the glucagon is a longer-acting form of glucagon.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the longer-acting form of glucagon contains iodine.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the longer-acting form of glucagon contains zinc.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the longer-acting form of glucagon further comprises protamine.
7. A method of treating diabetes in a human or other mammal without inducing hypoglycemia, said method comprising:
administering insulin in an amount therapeutically effective for the control of diabetes, wherein said insulin is in an amount between 0.5 and 20 Units of insulin; and
administering glucagon in time and an amount therapeutically effective for the prevention of hypoglycemia, wherein said glucagon is administered subcutaneously, and wherein the amount of glucagon administered is between more than 5 and less than or equal to 100 ng per kg of patient per minute of desired glucagon effectiveness.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the amount of glucagon administered is between 6 and less than 18 ng per kg of patient per minute of desired glucagon effectiveness.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein said glucagon is a glucagon with a prolonged duration of action.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein said glucagon is contained in a liposomal formulation.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein said glucagon is contained in a microsphere.
12. The method of claim 7, comprising administering a formulation comprising both insulin and glucagon.
13. The method of claim 7, wherein said insulin and glucagon are contained in a pump that controls administration of a drug to a patient.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said glucagon is administered simultaneously with insulin.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein a ratio of glucagon to insulin is about more than 40 to 200 milliunits of glucagon to 1 unit of insulin.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein 2 units of insulin are administered.
17. The method of claim 7, wherein 10 units of insulin are administered and between 30 and 90 ng per kg of patient per minute of glucagon are administered subcutaneously.
18. A kit for the administration of glucagon and insulin in amounts to prevent hypoglycemia, said kit comprising:
glucagon;
insulin, wherein said glucagon and insulin are in a ratio of 1-20 units of insulin to 32-480 milliunits of glucagon;
a means for administering glucagon subcutaneously; and
instructions for the administration of insulin and glucagon so that the glucagon prevents a hypoglycemic event.
19. The kit of claim 18, wherein the concentration of glucagon when completely dissolved in the glycerine solution is more than 500 micrograms per milliliter but less than 2000 micrograms per milliliter.
20. The kit of claim 18, wherein said glucagon and insulin are in a ratio of 1-3 units of insulin to 32-96 milliunits of glucagon.
21. The kit of claim 18, wherein the means for administering the glucagon subcutaneously is a pump and said pump is configured to deliver between about 6 to 20 ngkgminute of glucagon.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A waveform equalization apparatus comprising:
an analog-to-digital (AD) converter oversampling a reception signal in synchronization with a base clock signal to generate an AD converted data sequence;
a waveform equalizer performing an arithmetic operation to equalize a waveform regarding the AD converted data sequence in synchronization with the base clock signal, wherein the waveform equalizer includes a detector at an output stage;
a training sequence generator generating a data sequence for training, wherein the data sequence for training is used so as to converge a coefficient used in the arithmetic operation in advance, the data sequence for training is used instead of an output data of the detector, wherein the training sequence generator is used during a training period;
a clock recovery circuit
supplying the base clock signal without executing a clock recovery operation during the training period, and
after termination of the training period, executing the clock recovery operation according to the output data of the detector and generating and outputting the base clock signal;
a plurality of matched filters
receiving the AD converted data sequence, and
executing a filter arithmetic operation to correlate the data sequence for training with the AD converted data sequence in synchronization with a multiphase clock signal having a frequency that corresponds to speed of the reception signal; and
a clock optimization logic supplying the training sequence generator with a predetermined optimum operation clock signal based on the multiphase clock signal and output data of the plurality of the matched filters.
2. The waveform equalization apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
the multiphase clock signal includes a plurality of clock signals;
the clock optimization logic selects a clock signal corresponding to a matched filter that has a greatest data value among the plurality of clock signals; and
the clock signal corresponding to the matched filter that has the greatest data value is an operation clock signal of the training sequence generator.
3. The waveform equalization apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
the clock optimization logic includes a clock phase interpolator;
the multiphase clock signal includes a plurality of clock signals;
the clock phase interpolator generates and outputs a clock signal that has a phase difference smaller than a phase difference between two of the plurality of clock signals based on the output data of the matched filters.
4. The waveform equalization apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
the clock optimization logic includes a memory portion storing the output data from each of the matched filters;
the multiphase clock signal includes a plurality of clock signals;
each of the matched filters enables to receive the plurality of clock signals by switching in time division as an operation clock signal; and
the clock optimization logic processes the output data of the matched filters, the output data being read out from the memory portion.
5. The waveform equalization apparatus according to claim 4, wherein:
the matched filters only include a first matched filter and a second matched filter;
the multiphase clock signal include a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a third clock signal, and a fourth clock signal;
a phase difference between the first clock signal and the third clock signal provides an opposite phase pair;
a phase difference between the second clock signal and the fourth clock signal provides another opposite pair;
a phase difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal is equal to 90 degrees;
a phase difference between the third clock signal and the fourth clock signal is equal to 90 degrees;
the first matched filter receives the first clock signal and the second clock signal;
the second matched filter receives the third clock signal the fourth clock signal; and
the clock optimization logic
(i) inputs the first clock signal to the first matched filter and the third clock signal to the second matched filter, and obtains two output values from the first matched filter and the second matched filter;
(ii) inputs the second clock signal to the first matched filter and the fourth clock signal to the second matched filter, and obtains two output values from the first matched filter and the second matched filter;
(iii) when the clock optimization logic specifies either one of the first matched filter and the second matched filter that outputs a greatest output value and a second greatest output value of the four output values obtained by the clock optimization logic,
the clock optimization logic inputs to the specified either one of the first matched filter and the second matched filter, a different clock signal that has a phase between two clock signals corresponding to the greatest value and the second greatest value to obtain a different output value,
the clock optimization logic specifies a maximum value of the obtained different output value regarding the either one of the first matched filter and the second matched filter, and
the clock optimization logic supplies the training sequence generator with the predetermined optimum operation clock signal based on the maximum value.
6. The waveform equalization apparatus according to claim 5, wherein:
when the training sequence generator receives the predetermined optimum operation clock signal, a tap coefficient of the waveform equalizer is converged.