1. A chromatography apparatus comprising:
(a) an electro elution separator including a chromatographic separation medium disposed in a column lumen, and first and second spaced electrodes in electrical communication with the chromatographic separation medium and disposed to pass an electric current through the chromatographic separation medium, said first electrode being disposed at the upstream end of the chromatographic separation medium in the column lumen and the second electrode being disposed at the downstream end thereof;
(b) a catalytic gas elimination chamber in fluid communication with the electro elution separator, the catalytic gas elimination chamber being downstream of the electro elution separator, the catalytic gas elimination chamber including a catalyst for combining hydrogen and oxygen gases, or for catalytically decomposing hydrogen peroxide, or both, in an effluent stream to form water and reduce the gas content in the eluent stream, wherein said electro elution separator is the only separator, including chromatographic separation medium disposed in a column lumen, in said chromatography apparatus; and
(c) a detector in fluid communication with the electro elution separator and the catalytic gas elimination chamber, the detector being downstream of the electro elution separator.
2. The chromatography apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
(d) a first conduit for the effluent stream providing fluid communication between the electro elution separator and the catalytic gas elimination chamber.
3. The chromatography apparatus of claim 2 further comprising:
(e) a second conduit for the effluent stream providing fluid communication between the catalytic gas elimination chamber and the detector.
4. The chromatography apparatus of claim 2 further comprising:
(f) a recycle conduit for recycling the effluent stream from the detector to the electro elution separator.
5. A chromatography apparatus comprising:
(a) an electro elution separator including a chromatographic separation medium disposed in a column lumen, and first and second spaced electrodes in electrical communication with and in direct contact with the chromatographic separation medium and with liquid flowing through the chromatographic separation medium and disposed to pass an electric current through the chromatographic separation medium;
(b) a catalytic gas elimination chamber in fluid communication with the electro elution separator, the catalytic gas elimination chamber being downstream of the electro elution separator, the catalytic gas elimination chamber including a catalyst for combining hydrogen and oxygen gases, or for catalytically decomposing hydrogen peroxide, or both, in an effluent stream to form water and reduce the gas content in the eluent stream wherein said electro elution separator is the only separator, including chromatographic separation medium disposed in a column lumen, in said chromatography apparatus; and
(c) a detector in fluid communication with the electro elution separator and the catalytic gas elimination chamber, the detector being downstream of the electro elution separator.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A tuning method, comprising:
detecting a fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 of a channel to be received;
determining whether the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is affected by an adjacent channel;
when the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is affected by the adjacent channel, detecting a tuning intermediate frequency that is not affected by the adjacent channel while changing the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0;
when there is no variable intermediate frequency that is not affected by the adjacent channel, detecting a variable intermediate frequency that is least affected by the adjacent channel as the tuning intermediate frequency; and
tuning the channel using the tuning intermediate frequency.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining whether the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is affected by the adjacent channel comprises determining that the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate (BER) of a signal demodulated with the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is smaller than a predetermined reference value.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining whether the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is affected by the adjacent channel comprises determining that the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate (BER) of a signal demodulated with the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is 0.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of detecting the tuning intermediate frequency comprises:
repeatedly determining whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel while changing the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 to at least one of the left and the right; and
determining that the variable intermediate frequency is the tuning intermediate frequency when it is determined that the variable intermediate frequency is not affected by the adjacent channel.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of repeatedly determining whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel comprises determining that the variable intermediate frequency IFn is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate BERn of a signal demodulated with the variable intermediate frequency IFn is smaller than a predetermined reference value.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the step of repeatedly determining whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel further comprises storing the variable intermediate frequency IFn and a corresponding bit error rate BERn.
7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of repeatedly determining whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel comprises determining that the variable intermediate frequency IFn is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate BERn of a signal demodulated with the variable intermediate frequency IFn is 0.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the step of repeatedly determining whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel further comprises storing the variable intermediate frequency IFn and a corresponding bit error rate BERn.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the step of detecting the variable intermediate frequency IFn that is at least affected by the adjacent channel comprises detecting the variable intermediate frequency IFn as the tuning intermediate frequency when the stored bit error rate BERn is minimal.
10. A tuning apparatus, comprising:
a tuner for detecting a fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 of a channel to be received;
a flash memory for storing a prescribed tuning algorithm; and
a demodulator for detecting a tuning intermediate frequency IFn that is not affected by an adjacent channel while changing the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 and for tuning the channel using the tuning intermediate frequency IFn based on the tuning algorithm.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the demodulator tunes the channel using the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 when the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is not affected by the adjacent channel.
12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the demodulator detects a variable intermediate frequency that is least affected by the adjacent channel as the tuning intermediate frequency when there is no variable intermediate frequency IFn that is not affected by the adjacent channel.
13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the demodulator determines that the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate (BER) of a signal demodulated with the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is smaller than a predetermined reference value.
14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the demodulator determines that the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate (BER) of a signal demodulated with the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 is 0.
15. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the demodulator detects the tuning intermediate frequency by:
repeatedly determining whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel while changing the fundamental intermediate frequency IF0 to at least one of the left and the right; and
determining that the variable intermediate frequency is the tuning intermediate frequency when it is determined that the variable intermediate frequency is not affected by the adjacent channel.
16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the demodulator repeatedly determines whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel by determining that the variable intermediate frequency IFn is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate BERn of a signal demodulated with the variable intermediate frequency IFn is smaller than a predetermined reference value.
17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the demodulator repeatedly determines whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel by determining that the variable intermediate frequency IFn is not affected by the adjacent channel when a bit error rate BERn of a signal demodulated with the variable intermediate frequency IFn is 0.
18. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein, when the demodulator repeatedly determines whether a changed variable intermediate frequency IFn is affected by the adjacent channel, the demodulator stores the variable intermediate frequency IFm and a corresponding bit error rate BERm.
19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the demodulator determines that the variable intermediate frequency IFn is not affected by the adjacent channel by detecting the variable intermediate frequency IFn as the tuning intermediate frequency when the stored bit error rate BERn is minimal.