1. A system for running distributed programs in hybrid system, comprising:
a processor in the hybrid system running an application program; and
an affinity-based preferential call module operable to intercept a program’s method call in runtime, the affinity-based preferential call module further operable to look up a symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call for one or more platform-specific implementations, the affinity-based preferential call module further operable to select a platform-specific implementation from said one or more platform-specific implementations based on affinity measure associated with said one or more platform-specific implementations, the affinity measure indicating how efficiently said one or more platform-specific implementations run on respective one or more platforms in the hybrid system, the affinity-based preferential call module further operable to replace the symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call with a direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation,
wherein the hybrid system comprises at least a general-purpose processor and a special-purpose processor, and said one or more platform-specific implementations comprise at least code programmed to execute on the special-purpose processor.
2. The system of claim 1, further including a database storing entries specifying one or more platform-specific implementations for method calls and associated efficiency measures indicating how efficiently a respective platform runs a respective platform-specific implementation.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein said efficiency measures are updated dynamically at runtime.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein overhead associated with running said one or more platform-specific implementations on respective platforms is used as one of a plurality of criteria in selecting the platform-specific implementation.
5. The system of claim 2, wherein the database stores multiple platform-specific implementations for the method call.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the database stores multiple platform-specific implementations for the method call based on different parameters used in the method call.
7. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform a method of running distributed programs in hybrid system having heterogeneous platforms, the method comprising:
trapping a program’s method call in runtime of a program executing on a processor;
looking up a symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call for one or more platform-specific implementations;
selecting a platform-specific implementation from said one or more platform-specific implementations based on affinity measure associated with said one or more platform-specific implementations, the affinity measure indicating how efficiently said one or more platform-specific implementations run on respective one or more platforms in said hybrid system;
returning a direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation; and
replacing the symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call with the returned direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation,
wherein the hybrid system comprises at least a general-purpose processor and a special-purpose processor, and said one or more platform-specific implementations comprise at least code programmed to execute on the special-purpose processor.
8. The computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the runtime of the program continues with execution the program with the replaced direct reference.
9. The computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the step of returning includes returning the direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation and information related to the associated platform.
10. The computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the symbolic reference is looked up in a table containing the affinity measure.
11. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein the affinity measure in the table is computed and updated dynamically in runtime.
12. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein overhead associated with running said one or more platform-specific implementations is used in computation of said affinity measure.
13. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform a method of affinity-based preferential call technique for improving performance of distributed applications in a hybrid system having heterogeneous platforms, the method comprising:
intercepting in runtime a segment of code in a program being executed on a processor;
determining a platform in the hybrid system for executing said segment of code, the platform determined to run the segment of code with best efficiency among a plurality of platforms in the hybrid system,
wherein said segment of code is dynamically executed on said platform determined to run the segment of code with best efficiency,
wherein the hybrid system comprises at least a general-purpose processor and a special-purpose processor, and the segment of code has an associated platform-specific implementation programmed to execute on the platform determined to run the segment of code with best efficiency.
14. The computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the determining includes looking up a table that includes one or more entries specifying one or more platform-specific implementations associated with the segment of code and efficiency measures.
15. The computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein said efficiency measures are determined at runtime dynamically, and the table is updated with the most recently determined efficiency measures.
16. The computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the intercepting is performed if it is determined that the segment of code is a candidate for the affinity-based preferential call technique.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A catalyst composition for hydroformylation reaction comprising:
(a) a monodentate phosphine ligand represented by the following Formula 1; and
(b) a transition metal catalyst:
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
2. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst (b) is represented by the following Formula 2:
M(L1)x(L2)y(L3)z\u2003\u2003Formula 2
wherein M is any one selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh) and iridium (Ir), L1, L2 and L3 are each independently any one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CO, cyclooctadiene, norbornene, chlorine, triphenylphosphine and acetylacetonato, and
x, y and z are each independently 0 to 5, and x, y and z are not 0 at the same time.
3. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is one or more selected from the group consisting of tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP), tri-p-ethylphenylphosphine (TPEtPP), tris-p-metoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) and tri-p-isopropoxyphenyl phosphine (TIPPP).
4. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is one or more selected from the group consisting of tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) represented by the following Formula 4, and tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) represented by the following Formula 5:
5. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein a content of the monodentate phosphine ligand is in the range of 5 to 100 mole based on 1 mole of central metal of the transition metal catalyst.
6. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein an amount of the monodentate phosphine ligand is in the range of 1.5 to 4.0 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
7. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 4, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) represented by the Formula 4, and an amount of the tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) present is in the range of 2.0 to 3.0 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
8. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 4, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) represented by the Formula 5, and an amount of the tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) present is in the range of 1.5 to 2.1 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
9. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 4, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is a mixture of tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) represented by the Formula 4 and tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) represented by the Formula 5, and an amount of the tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) present is in the range of 1 to 2 wt % and an amount of the tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) present is 0.5 to 1.0 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
10. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 2, wherein the transition metal catalyst is one or more selected from the group consisting of cobaltcarbonyl (CO2(CO)8), acetylacetonatodicarbonylrhodium (Rh(AcAc)(CO)2), acetylacetonatocarbonyltriphenylphosphinerhodium (Rh(AcAc)(CO)(TPP)), hydridocarbonyltri(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (HRh(CO)(TPP)3), acetylacetonatodicarbonyliridium (Ir(AcAc)(CO)2), and hydridocarbonyltri(triphenylphosphine)iridium (HIr(CO)(TPP)3).
11. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 2, wherein a content of central metal of the transition metal catalyst is in the range of 10 to 1000 ppm based on weight or volume of the catalyst composition.
12. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein R1, R2, and R3, are not each independently substituted by any one selected from the group consisting of a nitro group (\u2014NO2), a fluorine group (\u2014F), a chlorine group (\u2014Cl), a bromine group (Br), and a silyl group (\u2014SiR) wherein R is selected from hydrogen, alkyl group or alkoxy group); or R1, R2, and R3, are not all hydrogen.
13. A hydroformylation process of an olefin-based compound comprising reacting the olefin-based compound, a synthesis gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst composition according to claim 1 to produce aldehydes.
14. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the olefin-based compound is a compound represented by the following Formula 3:
wherein R4 and R5 are each independently any one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a fluorine group (\u2014F), a chlorine group (\u2014Cl), a bromine group (\u2014Br), a trifluoromethyl group (\u2014CF3) and an aryl group having 0 to 5 substituent groups and 6 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein the substituent group is nitro (\u2014NO2), fluorine (\u2014F), chlorine (\u2014Cl), bromine (\u2014Br), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group or a butyl group.
15. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the olefin-based compound is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of ethane, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene and styrene.
16. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein molar ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen (CO:H2) of the synthesis gas is in the range of 5:95 to 70:30.
17. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the step of reacting is performed at a temperature in the range of 20 to 180\xb0 C.
18. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the step of reacting is performed at a pressure in the range of 1 to 700 bar.
19. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the catalyst composition is dissolved in one or more solvent selected from the group consisting of propane aldehyde, butyl aldehyde, phentyl aldehyde, valer aldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, acetophenone, cyclohexanone, ethanol, pentanol, octanol, thesanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, tetrahydrofurane, dimethoxyethane, dioxane, methylene chloride, and heptane.