1. A method comprising:
establishing, via a computing device, a trust relationship between a first email user and at least a second email user, wherein establishing the trust relationship between the first email user and the second email user includes:
sending, between the first email user and the second email user, an offer through one or more visual windows defining the trust relationship, wherein the one or more visual windows include one or more selectable rules defining which one or more email messages to propagate between the first email user and the second email user; and
receiving an acceptance of the offer and a selection of the one or more selectable rules through the one or more visual windows, wherein the acceptance of the offer establishes the trust relationship.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising automatically propagating at least one email message received by the second email user to the first email user based upon, at least in part, the trust relationship.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes allowing the second email user to grant permission for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated to the first email user.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes transmitting the offer to the first email user for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated from the second email user.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes receiving the acceptance from the first email user for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated from the second email user.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the trust relationship is based upon, at least in part, at least one of:
an attribute of an original sender of the at least one email message; and
an attribute of the at least one email message.
7. The method of claim 2, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes receiving a request that the second email user grant permission for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated to the first email user.
8. The method of claim 2, further comprising determining if the at least one email message is a duplicate email.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the trust relationship includes a bidirectional trust relationship and at least one email message received by the first email user is propagated to the second email user based upon, at least in part, the bidirectional trust relationship.
10. A computer program product residing on a non-transitory computer readable medium having a plurality of instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising:
establishing, via a computing device, a trust relationship between a first email user and at least a second email user, wherein establishing the trust relationship between the first email user and the second email user includes:
sending, between the first email user and the second email user, an offer through one or more visual windows defining the trust relationship, wherein the one or more visual windows include one or more selectable rules defining which one or more email messages to propagate between the first email user and the second email user; and
receiving an acceptance of the offer and a selection of the one or more selectable rules through the one or more visual windows, wherein the acceptance of the offer establishes the trust relationship.
11. The computer program product of claim 10 further comprising automatically propagating at least one email message received by the second email user to the first email user based upon, at least in part, the trust relationship.
12. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes allowing the second email user to grant permission for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated to the first email user.
13. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes transmitting the offer to the first email user for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated from the second email user.
14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes receiving the acceptance from the first email user for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated from the second email user.
15. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the trust relationship is based upon, at least in part, at least one of:
an attribute of an original sender of the at least one email message; and
an attribute of the at least one email message.
16. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes receiving a request that the second email user grant permission for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated to the first email user.
17. The computer program product of claim 11, further comprising determining if the at least one email message is a duplicate email.
18. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the trust relationship includes a bidirectional trust relationship and at least one email message received by the first email user is propagated to the second email user based upon, at least in part, the bidirectional trust relationship.
19. A computing system including a processor and memory configured to perform operations comprising:
establishing, via a computing device, a trust relationship between a first email user and at least a second email user, wherein establishing the trust relationship between the first email user and the second email user includes:
sending, between the first email user and the second email user, an offer through one or more visual windows defining the trust relationship, wherein the one or more visual windows include one or more selectable rules defining which one or more email messages to propagate between the first email user and the second email user; and
receiving an acceptance of the offer and a selection of the one or more selectable rules through the one or more visual windows, wherein the acceptance of the offer establishes the trust relationship.
20. The computing system of claim 19 further comprising automatically propagating at least one email message received by the second email user to the first email user based upon, at least in part, the trust relationship.
21. The computing system of claim 20, wherein the trust relationship is based upon, at least in part, at least one of:
an attribute of an original sender of the at least one email message; and
an attribute of the at least one email message.
22. The computing system of claim 20, wherein establishing the trust relationship further includes receiving a request that the second email user grant permission for the at least one email message to be automatically propagated to the first email user.
23. The computing system of claim 19, wherein the trust relationship includes a bidirectional trust relationship and at least one email message received by the first email user is propagated to the second email user based upon, at least in part, the bidirectional trust relationship.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of forming a self-cleaning coating on a substrate comprising the steps of:
selecting a substrate; and
treating the substrate with a sol-gel, wherein the sol-gel comprises a metal oxide precursor, silanol, silane, or a derivative thereof,
wherein sol-gel forms an interpenetration polymer network that provides a microscopic or nanoscopic topology on a surface of the substrate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sol-gel comprises a material with a formula:
M(OR)4-xR\u2032x,
where M=Si, Al, In, Sn or Ti; x=0 to 3, and
R and R\u2032 can be the same or different and comprises hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted epoxy, or a substituted or unsubstituted amine.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising curing the substrate at a temperature equal to or between 25-200\xb0 C.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the microscopic or nanoscopic topology on the substrate varies in depth from equal to or between 300 \u03bcm to 5 nm.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising coating the surface of the substrate with at least one hydrophobic chemical agent, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent is dissolved or dispersed in at least one organic solvent.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent is deposited by dip coating, spray coating, inkjet printing, or immersing the substrate in the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein one or more steps of the method are performed in a controlled environment.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising keeping the controlled environment at a temperature equal to or between 25-300\xb0 C.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the controlled environment is kept at a set pressure equal to or between 0.001-10 atm.
10. The method of claim 5, wherein the sol-gel or the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent renders the substrate oleophilic.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein an additive is added to the sol-gel, and the additive includes a material that provides UV absorbing or blocking, anti-reflective, fire-retardant, conducting, oleophilic, pigmentation, or anti-microbial benefits.
12. The method of claim 6, wherein the organic solvent is anhydrous toluene, toluene, benzene, xylene, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, n-propyl bromide, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, or methyl-t-butyl ether, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetone, acetonitrile, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide and water.
13. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of fluoroalkylsilaneCF3(CF2)a(CH2)bcSiX4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3, and X=Cl, Br, I or an organic leaving group).
14. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkylsilaneCH3(CH2)abSiX4-c (where a=0-20, b=1-3, and X=Cl, Br, I or an organic leaving group).
15. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkoxyfluoroalkylsilaneCF3(CF2)a(CH2)bcSialkoxy4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3, and where the alkoxy group can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, or a combination thereof).
16. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkoxyalkylsilaneCH3(CH2)abSialkoxy4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3; where the alkoxy group can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, or a combination thereof).
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a metal, metal oxide, organicinorganic composite containing a metal or metal oxide and plastic with silicon dioxide or metal oxides layer, natural polymer, cellulose or protein, man-made polymer, polyester, polyamide, polyether and copolymer, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ketone ethylene ether), inorganic material, glass, clay, ceramic, woven fiber, cotton, wool, cloth, polymer tarpaulin, non-woven fibers, paper, wood, natural inorganic, man-made inorganic, stone, or concrete brick.
18. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent comprises a fluoroalkylsilane.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the fluoroalkylsilane is selected from the group consisting of trichloro(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, trichloro(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane, chloro dimethyl(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, triethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, tripropoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, triisopropoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, or triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane.
20. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent comprises chlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, chlorotrimethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, trichloromethylsilane, chlorophenylsilane, dichlorophenylsilane, trichlorophenylsilane, chloromethylphenylsilane, chlorodimethylphenylsilane, dichloromethylphenylsilane, chlorodimethylphenethylsilane, dichloromethylphenethylsilane, trichlorophenethylsilane, chlorodimethyldodecylsilane, dichloromethyldodecylsilane, trichlorododecylsilane, chlorodecyldimethylsilane, dichlorodecylmethylsilane, trichlorodecylsilane, chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane, dichloromethyloctadecylsilane, trichlorooctadecylsilane, chlorodimethyloctylsilane, dichloromethyloctylsilane, trichlorooctylsilane, chlorodimethylhexylsilane, dichloromethylhexylsilane, trichlorohexylsilane, chlorodimethylthexylsilane, dichloromethylthexylsilane, trichlorothexylsilane, allyldichloromethylsilane, allylchlorodimethylsilane, allyltrichlorosilane, (cyclohexylmethyl)chlorodimethylsilane, (cyclohexylmethyl)dichloromethylsilane, (cyclohexylmethyl)trichlorosilane, trimethoxy(hexyl)silane, triethoxy(hexyl)silane, tripropoxy(hexyl)silane, triisopropoxy(hexyl)silane, trimethoxy(octyl)silane, triethoxy(octyl)silane, tripropoxy(octyl)silane, triisopropoxy(octyl)silane, trimethoxy(decyl)silane, triethoxy(decyl)silane, tripropoxy(decyl)silane, triisopropoxy(decyl)silane, trimethoxy(dodecyl)silane, triethoxy(dodecyl)silane, or tripropoxy(dodecyl)silane, triisopropoxy(dodecyl)silane.
21. A method of forming a self-cleaning coating on a substrate with an all solution process comprising the steps of:
selecting a substrate;
treating the substrate with a sol-gel, wherein the sol-gel comprises a metal oxide precursor, silanol, silane, or a derivative thereof; and
coating a surface of the substrate with at least one hydrophobic chemical agent, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent is dissolved or dispersed in at least one organic solvent, and the sol-gel or at least one hydrophobic chemical agent forms an interpenetration polymer network that provides a microscopic or nanoscopic topology on the surface of the substrate.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the sol-gel comprises a material with a formula:
M(OR)4-xR\u2032x,
where M=Si, Al, In, Sn or Ti; x=0 to 3, and
R and R\u2032 can be the same or different and comprises hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted epoxy, or a substituted or unsubstituted amine.
23. The method of claim 21, further comprising curing the substrate after the sol-gel treatment or the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent coating step at a temperature equal to or between 25-200\xb0 C.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein the microscopic or nanoscopic topology on the substrate varies in depth from equal to or between 300 \u03bcm to 5 nm.
25. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent is deposited by dip coating, spray coating, inkjet printing, or immersing the substrate in the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent.
26. The method of claim 21, wherein the sol-gel or the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent renders the substrate oleophilic.
27. The method of claim 21, wherein an additive is added to the sol-gel, and the additive includes a material that provides UV absorbing or blocking, anti-reflective, fire-retardant, conducting, oleophilic, pigmentation, or anti-microbial benefits.
28. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one organic solvent is anhydrous toluene, toluene, benzene, xylene, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, n-propyl bromide, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, or methyl-t-butyl ether, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetone, acetonitrile, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide and water.
29. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of fluoroalkylsilaneCF3(CF2)a(CH2)bcSiX4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3, and X=Cl, Br, I or an organic leaving group).
30. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkylsilaneCH3(CH2)abSiX4-c (where a=0-20, b=1-3, and X=Cl, Br, I or an organic leaving group).
31. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkoxyfluoroalkylsilaneCF3(CF2)a(CH2)bcSialkoxy4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3, and where the alkoxy group can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, or a combination thereof).
32. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkoxyalkylsilaneCH3(CH2)abSialkoxy4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3; where the alkoxy group can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, or a combination thereof).
33. The method of claim 21, wherein the substrate is a metal, metal oxide, organicinorganic composite containing a metal or metal oxide and plastic with silicon dioxide or metal oxides layer, natural polymer, cellulose or protein, man-made polymer, polyester, polyamide, polyether and copolymer, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ketone ethylene ether), inorganic material, glass, clay, ceramic, woven fiber, cotton, wool, cloth, polymer tarpaulin, non-woven fibers, paper, wood, natural inorganic, man-made inorganic, stone, or concrete brick.
34. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent comprises a fluoroalkylsilane.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the fluoroalkylsilane is selected from the group consisting of trichloro(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, trichloro(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane, chloro dimethyl(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, dichloro-methyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, chloro-dimethyl(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, triethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, tripropoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, triisopropoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane, trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, triethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, tripropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane, or triisopropoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyl)silane.
36. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent comprises chlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, chlorotrimethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, trichloromethylsilane, chlorophenylsilane, dichlorophenylsilane, trichlorophenylsilane, chloromethylphenylsilane, chlorodimethylphenylsilane, dichloromethylphenylsilane, chlorodimethylphenethylsilane, dichloromethylphenethylsilane, trichlorophenethylsilane, chlorodimethyldodecylsilane, dichloromethyldodecylsilane, trichlorododecylsilane, chlorodecyldimethylsilane, dichlorodecylmethylsilane, trichlorodecylsilane, chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane, dichloromethyloctadecylsilane, trichlorooctadecylsilane, chlorodimethyloctylsilane, dichloromethyloctylsilane, trichlorooctylsilane, chlorodimethylhexylsilane, dichloromethylhexylsilane, trichlorohexylsilane, chlorodimethylthexylsilane, dichloromethylthexylsilane, trichlorothexylsilane, allyldichloromethylsilane, allylchlorodimethylsilane, allyltrichlorosilane, (cyclohexylmethyl)chlorodimethylsilane, (cyclohexylmethyl)dichloromethylsilane, (cyclohexylmethyl)trichlorosilane, trimethoxy(hexyl)silane, triethoxy(hexyl)silane, tripropoxy(hexyl)silane, triisopropoxy(hexyl)silane, trimethoxy(octyl)silane, triethoxy(octyl)silane, tripropoxy(octyl)silane, triisopropoxy(octyl)silane, trimethoxy(decyl)silane, triethoxy(decyl)silane, tripropoxy(decyl)silane, triisopropoxy(decyl)silane, trimethoxy(dodecyl)silane, triethoxy(dodecyl)silane, or tripropoxy(dodecyl)silane, triisopropoxy(dodecyl)silane.
37. A method of forming a self-cleaning coating on a substrate comprising the steps of:
selecting a substrate; and
treating the substrate with a sol-gel, wherein the sol-gel comprises a metal oxide precursor, silanol, silane, or a derivative thereof; and
coating the surface of the substrate with at least one hydrophobic chemical agent, wherein the coating step is performed in a controlled environment, wherein the sol-gel or at least one hydrophobic chemical agent forms an interpenetration polymer network that provides a microscopic or nanoscopic topology on the surface of the substrate
38. The method of claim 37, further comprising keeping the controlled environment at a temperature equal to or between 25-300\xb0 C.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the controlled environment is kept at a set pressure equal to or between 0.001-10 atm.
40. The method of claim 37, wherein the sol-gel comprises a material with a formula:
M(OR)4-xR\u2032x,
where M=Si, Al, In, Sn or Ti; x=0 to 3, and
R and R\u2032 can be the same or different and comprises hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted epoxy, or a substituted or unsubstituted amine.
41. The method of claim 37, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of fluoroalkylsilaneCF3(CF2)a(CH2)bcSiX4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3, and X=Cl, Br, I or an organic leaving group).
42. The method of claim 37, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkylsilaneCH3(CH2)abSiX4-c (where a=0-20, b=1-3, and X=Cl, Br, I or an organic leaving group).
43. The method of claim 37 wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkoxyfluoroalkylsilaneCF3(CF2)a(CH2)bcSialkoxy4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3, and where the alkoxy group can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, or a combination thereof).
44. The method of claim 37, wherein the at least one hydrophobic chemical agent used has a formula of alkoxyalkylsilaneCH3(CH2)abSialkoxy4-c (where a=0-20, b=0-10, c=1-3; where the alkoxy group can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, or a combination thereof).