1. A method for storing an additive and injecting the additive into exhaust gases of an engine supplied with fuel from a fuel tank and returning unused excess hot fuel to the tank via a return line, the method comprising:
heating the additive using a section of the return line when the additive temperature is below or equal to a threshold value; and
short circuiting the heating section when the additive temperature exceeds the threshold value.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an aqueous urea solution.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the engine is a direct injection diesel engine.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the threshold value is 40\xb0 C.
5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising positioning an additive tank, in which the additive is stored, between the fuel tank and an engine supplied with fuel by the fuel tank.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the short circuiting is performed via a three-way valve that diverts the entire flow within the section of the return line from heating the additive.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the threshold value is an upper threshold (T1), and the pick-up device activates to allow flow of additive if the temperature of the additive is above a lower threshold (T2).
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein (T1) is 40\xb0 C., and (T2) is \u22125\xb0 C.
9. A system for implementing the method according to claim 1, comprising:
an additive heating section including a section of the return line;
a temperature sensor; and
a device allowing the heating section to be short circuited when the temperature measured by the sensor exceeds the threshold value.
10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the temperature sensor controls a three-way valve that allows a point on the return line upstream of the heating section to be connected either to the heating section or to a bypass line that terminates at a point on the return line situated downstream of the heating section.
11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the heating section includes a nonreturn valve before the junction point, the nonreturn valve preventing excess hot fuel from passing from the line into the heating section in an event of bypass.
12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the bypass line includes a heat exchanger configured to cool the excess return line as the excess hot fuel flows through the return line.
13. The system according to claim 9, further comprising a tank to store the additive, and wherein the additive heating section is at least partially situated inside the tank.
14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the tank to store the additive is disposed between the fuel tank and an engine supplied with fuel from the fuel tank.
15. The system according to claim 13, further comprising a device for drawing up the additive from a point of the additive tank using a pick-up line, wherein the part of the section situated in the additive tank at least partially has a form of a coil near the pick-up point, and wherein the coil and the pick-up point are in the bottom of the additive tank.
16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the temperature sensor is also placed inside the additive tank, at a point, close to the pick-up point, and wherein the temperature sensor is configured to trigger the additive pick-up device only if the temperature measured by the temperature sensor is above a given temperature at which the additive is liquid.
17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the coil surrounds the pick-up line.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of operation in an implantable cardiac device comprising:
analyzing cardiac data using a rate estimation method iteratively over time to yield a series of cardiac rate estimates;
determining that the series of cardiac rate estimates establishing a first cardiac rate track; and
following establishment of the first cardiac rate track, attempting a particular iteration of the rate estimation method and:
determining that the cardiac data of the particular iteration fails to provide a cardiac rate; and
interpolating a cardiac rate estimate using the first track.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the rate estimation method comprises:
establishing a buffer of cardiac data including a quantity of data samples;
iteratively comparing at least a portion of the buffer of cardiac data to itself by shifting the quantity of data samples across the buffer to yield a function having peaks;
analyzing the peaks to determine whether any of the peaks alone represent a match of sufficient similarity to yield a reliable RR Estimate;
analyzing the peaks to determine whether any combination of peaks represent a match of sufficient regularity to yield a reliable RR Estimate; and
if either analysis of the peaks yields a reliable RR Estimate, determining an RR Estimate;
wherein, for the particular iteration, neither analysis of the peaks yields a reliable RR estimate.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of interpolating a cardiac rate further requires that the rate estimation method identify a possible cardiac rate matching the first track.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the implantable medical device is an implantable defibrillator.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the implantable medical device comprises a plurality of electrodes disposed on a lead and a canister housing operational circuitry for the device, the canister being a conductive container usable for sensing cardiac signals, and in which the plurality of electrodes are coupled to the operational circuitry by coupling the lead to the canister such that the operational circuitry can obtain the cardiac data from electrical signals captured by the electrodes andor conductive housing.
6. A method of cardiac signal analysis in an implantable medical device system comprising a plurality of electrodes for sensing cardiac signals coupled to operational circuitry configured to analyze signals generated by the plurality of electrodes, the method comprising:
sensing cardiac signals using the plurality of electrodes;
iteratively performing a self-correlation to generate a self-correlation function using the sensed cardiac signals;
for a plurality of iterations of the self-correlation, identifying peaks in the self-correlation function to yield a first estimate of cardiac rate and first affiliated confidence having ratings of at least low or high confidence, except if no peak can be identified sufficient to yield an estimate of cardiac rate;
tracking peaks and cardiac rate estimates generated by the identifying peaks step over time to yield a second estimate of cardiac rate with second affiliated confidence having ratings of at least low, medium or high confidence, in which the second estimate of cardiac rate may or may not match the first estimate of cardiac rate; and
using the first and second estimated cardiac rates and affiliated first and second confidences to decide whether a cardiac therapy is warranted.
7. A method as in claim 6 wherein the step of tracking peaks and cardiac rate estimates includes determining whether a quantity of first estimates of cardiac rate are similar to one another and, if so, to declaring a first rate track.
8. A method as in claim 7 wherein, following declaration of the first rate track, the tracking step includes determining whether, in a subsequent iteration, a first estimate of cardiac rate meets a rule associated with the first rate track, and, if so, reporting the second estimate of cardiac rate as a rate equal to the first estimate of cardiac rate, and with a high confidence.
9. A method as in claim 7 wherein:
during iterations of the step of identifying peaks, in addition to reporting the first estimate of cardiac rate, one or more possible cardiac rates are identified by analysis of the self-correlation function;
following declaration of the first rate track, the tracking step includes determining whether, in a subsequent iteration:
a) a first estimate of cardiac rate does not meet a rule associated with the first rate track, and
b) no possible cardiac rate identified by analysis of the self-correlation meets the rule associated with the first rate track, either;
then, if both a) and b) are true, the tracking step includes reporting a second estimate of cardiac rate which is both unequal to the first estimate of cardiac rate and falls within the first rate track, with a low second affiliated confidence, unless a condition indicating the first rate track is no longer valid is met.
10. A method as in claim 9 wherein a condition indicating the first rate track is not longer valid is met if both a) and b) remain true for at least a predetermined quantity of consecutive iterations.
11. A method as in claim 7 wherein:
during iterations of the step of identifying peaks, in addition to reporting the first estimate of cardiac rate, one or more possible cardiac rates are identified by analysis of the self-correlation function;
following declaration of the first rate track, the tracking step includes determining whether, in a subsequent iteration:
a) a first estimate of cardiac rate does not meet a rule associated with the first rate track, and
b) a possible cardiac rate identified by analysis of the self-correlation function does meet the rule associated with the first rate track;
then, if both a) and b) are true, the tracking step includes reporting a second estimate of cardiac rate which is unequal to the first estimate of cardiac rate and instead matches the possible cardiac rate used in b), with a medium confidence.
12. A method as in claim 7 further comprising determining that the first rate track is no longer valid if no first estimate of cardiac rate meets a rule associated with the first rate track for a predetermined period of time or number of iterations.
13. A method as in claim 7 further comprising identifying a jump from the first rate track to a second rate track if, over a series of iterations, at least a predetermined number of first estimates of cardiac rate are similar to one another and do not meet a rule associated with the first rate track.
14. A method as in claim 6 further comprising:
comparing a detection threshold to the sensed cardiac signals to identify individual cardiac cycles and generate a third estimate of cardiac rate;
wherein the step of using the first and second estimated cardiac rates and affiliated first and second confidences to decide whether a cardiac therapy is warranted further comprises:
determining which of the first, second and third estimated cardiac rates is likely the most reliable, and
using the likely most reliable estimated cardiac rate to decide whether a cardiac therapy is warranted.
15. A method of cardiac signal analysis in an implantable medical device system comprising a plurality of electrodes for sensing cardiac signals coupled to operational circuitry configured to analyze signals generated by the plurality of electrodes, the method comprising:
sensing cardiac signals using the plurality of electrodes;
iteratively performing a self-correlation to generate a self-correlation function using the sensed cardiac signals;
for a plurality of iterations of the self-correlation, identifying peaks in the self-correlation function to yield a first estimate of cardiac rate and one or more possible cardiac rates, except if no peak can be identified sufficient to yield an estimate of cardiac rate;
tracking peaks and cardiac rate estimates generated by the identifying peaks step over time to yield a second estimate of cardiac rate with an affiliated confidence having ratings of at least low, medium or high confidence; and
using the second estimated cardiac rate and affiliated confidence to decide whether a cardiac therapy is warranted.
16. A method as in claim 15 wherein the step of tracking peaks and cardiac rate estimates includes determining whether a quantity of first estimates of cardiac rate are similar to one another and, if so, to declaring a first rate track.
17. A method as in claim 16 wherein, following declaration of the first rate track, the tracking step includes determining whether, in a subsequent iteration, a first estimate of cardiac rate meets a rule associated with the first rate track, and, if so, reporting the second estimate of cardiac rate as a rate equal to the first estimate of cardiac rate, and with a high confidence.
18. A method as in claim 16 wherein:
following declaration of the first rate track, the tracking step includes determining whether, in a subsequent iteration:
a) a first estimate of cardiac rate does not meet a rule associated with the first rate track, and
b) no possible cardiac rate identified by analysis of the self-correlation meets the rule associated with the first rate track, either;
then, if both a) and b) are true, the tracking step includes reporting a second estimate of cardiac rate which is both unequal to the first estimate of cardiac rate and falls within the first rate track, with a low second affiliated confidence, unless a condition indicating the first rate track is no longer valid is met.
19. A method as in claim 16 wherein:
following declaration of the first rate track, the tracking step includes determining whether, in a subsequent iteration:
a) a first estimate of cardiac rate does not meet a rule associated with the first rate track, and
b) a possible cardiac rate identified by analysis of the self-correlation function does meet the rule associated with the first rate track;
then, if both a) and b) are true, the tracking step includes reporting a second estimate of cardiac rate which is unequal to the first estimate of cardiac rate and instead matches the possible cardiac rate used in b), with a medium confidence.
20. A method as in claim 16 further comprising:
comparing a detection threshold to the sensed cardiac signals to identify individual cardiac cycles and generate a third estimate of cardiac rate;
wherein the step of using the first and second estimated cardiac rates and affiliated first and second confidences to decide whether a cardiac therapy is warranted further comprises:
determining which of the first, second and third estimated cardiac rates is likely the most reliable, and
using the likely most reliable estimated cardiac rate to decide whether a cardiac therapy is warranted.