1. A method of inhibiting tyrosinase activity comprising the step of applying a composition comprising a Laminaria Saccharina extract to a substrate in need of tyrosinase inhibition.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 0.0250% or less of the Laminaria Saccharina extract.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 0.0125% or less of the Laminaria Saccharina extract.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 0.0625% or less of the Laminaria Saccharina extract.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 0.0031% or less of the Laminaria Saccharina extract.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of leaving the composition on the substrate for a contact time sufficient to achieve inhibition of tyrosinase activity.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the contact time is at least about 1 hour.
8. A method of inhibiting tyrosinase activity of a skin surface, the method comprising the steps of (i) identifying a substrate in need of tyrosinase inhibition, wherein the substrate is an area on the skin surface; and (ii) applying a composition comprising a Laminaria Saccharina extract to the area, wherein the composition comprises 0.025% or less of a Laminaria Saccharina extract.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition comprises 0.0125% or less of the Laminaria Saccharina extract.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition comprises 0.00625% or less of the Laminaria Saccharina extract.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition comprises 0.0031% or less of the Laminaria Saccharina extract.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein the skin surface is a facial skin surface.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the area on the facial skin surface is a hyperpigmented spot.
14. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition is applied to the area on the skin surface at least once a day for at least about four weeks.
15. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition is applied to the area on the skin surface at least twice a day for at least about four weeks.
16. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition is applied to the area on the skin surface at least once a day for at least about eight weeks.
17. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition is applied to the area on the skin surface at least twice a day for at least about eight weeks.
18. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition further comprises a dermatologically acceptable carrier.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition further comprises a skin tone agent selected from vitamin B3 compounds, arbutin, deoxyarbutin, sucrose dilaurante, bakuchoil, pyrenoine, panicum miliaceum seed extract, arlatone dioic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, achromaxyl, methyl nicotinamide, oil soluble licorice extract, folic acid, undecylenic acid, zinc undecylenate, thiamine, thiamine hydrochloride, L-tryptophan, hexylrescorcinol, helianthus annuus and vitis vinifera leaf extract, carnosine methyl gentisate, 1,2-hexandiol and 1,2-octandiol, inositol, decylenoylphenylalanine, koijic acid, hexamidine compounds, salicylic acid, retinoids, and combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition comprises a sunscreen active.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition comprises an anti-inflammatory active.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the anti-inflammatory active is selected from glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizic acid salts, licorice extract, bisabolol, and combinations thereof.
23. The method of claim 8 further comprising a step of leaving the composition on the area on the skin surface for a contact time sufficient to achieve inhibition of tyrosinase activity.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the contact time is at least about 1 hour.
25. A method of inhibiting tyrosinase activity of a facial skin surface, the method comprising the steps of (i) selecting an area on the facial skin surface in need of tyrosinase inhibition, wherein the area is a hyperpigmented spot, (ii) applying a composition comprising a Laminaria Saccharina extract to the area, wherein the composition comprises 0.025% or less of a Laminaria Saccharina extract, and (iii) leaving the composition on the area for at least about 1 hour.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A signal processing apparatus, comprising:
a voltage controlled oscillating means that controls a frequency of an output signal according to a voltage of an input signal;
an in-loop frequency dividing means that divides the frequency of the output signal by M (where M is an integer at least equal to two), and outputs M of output frequency divided signals;
an in-loop phase shirting means that shifts a phase of the output frequency divided signals so that phases thereof are different from each other by 360 degreesM;
a reference frequency dividing means that divides a frequency of a reference signal by M, and outputs M reference frequency divided signals;
a reference phase shifting means that shifts a phase of the reference frequency divided signals so that phases thereof are different from each other by 360 degreesM;
a plurality of phase comparing means that output signals corresponding to a phase difference among respective output frequency divided signals different in phase by 360 degreesM, and respective reference frequency divided signals different in phase by 360 degreesM;
a summing means that sums the outputs from the plurality of phase comparing means; and
a low-pass filter that passes a low frequency component of an output from said summing means, and supplies said voltage controlled oscillating means with the low frequency component.
2. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein M is obtained by raising two to an integer power.
3. A signal processing apparatus, comprising:
a voltage controlled oscillator that controls a frequency of an output signal according to a voltage of an input signal;
an in-loop frequency divider that divides the frequency of the output signal by M (where M is an integer at least equal to two), and outputs M output frequency divided signals;
an in-loop phase shifter that shifts a phase of the output frequency divided signals so that phases thereof are different from each other by 360 degreesM;
a reference frequency divider that divides a frequency of a reference signal by M, and outputs M reference frequency divided signals;
a reference phase shifter that shifts a phase of the reference frequency divided signals so that phases thereof are different from each other by 360 degreesM;
a plurality of phase comparators that output signals corresponding to a phase difference among respective output frequency divided signals different in phase by 360 degreesM, and respective reference frequency divided signals different in phase by 360 degreesM;
an adder that sums outputs from the plurality of phase comparators; and
a low-pass filter that passes a low frequency component of an output from said summer, and supplies said voltage controlled oscillator with the low frequency component.
4. The signal processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein M is obtained by raising two to an integer power.