1-26. (canceled)
27. An electrical substrate for use as a carrier of biomolecules in a method for electrochemical detection in an electrolyte solution, comprising:
an insulating support plate that bears a conductive pattern having conductor paths and connecting contact surfaces, and having disposed on the conductor paths test sites for the application of biomolecules;
wherein the conductor paths comprise a metal core made of a highly conductive base metal and a gold layer surrounding the metal core, and the conductor paths are continuously provided with a diffusion barrier layer that prevents direct contact of the electrolyte solution with the metal core during the electrochemical detection method.
28. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, wherein the metal core comprises copper, tungsten, or aluminum.
29. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, wherein the metal core is formed of copper.
30. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, wherein the diffusion barrier layer comprises an interlayer made of nickel, titanium or platinum disposed between the metal core and the external gold layer.
31. The electrical substrate according to claim 30, wherein the interlayer exhibits a thickness of about 2 \u03bcm to about 10 \u03bcm.
32. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, characterized in that the diffusion barrier layer comprises a lacquer layer applied to the gold layer (18).
33. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, characterized in that the diffusion barrier layer comprises, disposed on the metal core, a gold layer (18) whose pores are substantially closed by the incipient melting of a surface region (26) of the gold layer (18).
34. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, wherein the gold layer (18) exhibits a thickness of about 0.15 \u03bcm to about 10 \u03bcm.
35. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, characterized in that the diffusion barrier layer is formed by a gold layer that is disposed on the metal core and whose thickness is chosen to be so large that it prevents direct contact of the electrolyte solution with the metal core.
36. The electrical substrate according claim 27, wherein the insulating support plate is a single-sided rigid support plate, a double-sided rigid support plate or a rigid multilayer support plate.
37. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, characterized in that the insulating support plate is a single-sided or double-sided flexible support plate, wherein the single-sided or double-sided support plate is manufactured from a polyimide film or a rigid-flexible support plate.
38. The electrical substrate according claim 27 wherein, the insulating support plate is composed of a base material selected from the group comprising: bismaleimide triazine resin with silica glass, cyanate ester with silica glass, hard paper core with epoxide woven glass fabric outer layers, fiberglass mat core with epoxide woven glass fabric outer layers, phenolic resin paper, hard paper, epoxide woven glass fabric, epoxide woven glass fabric with a cross-linked resin system, polyimide resin with aramide reinforcement, polytetrafluoroethylene with glass or ceramic, highly cross-linked hydrocarbons with ceramic and glass.
39. The electrical substrate according to claim 27 wherein the insulating support plate is formed by a semiconductor plate or a semiconductor plate provided with a support plate insulation layer.
40. The electrical substrate according to claim 39, wherein the insulating support plate comprises a silicon plate provided with a SiNx insulating layer.
41. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, characterized in that the conductor paths exhibit a width of about 50 \u03bcm to about 250 \u03bcm.
42. The electrical substrate according to claim 27, wherein an insulation layer is applied to the gold layer in sub-regions.
43. The electrical substrate according to claim 42, wherein the insulation layer is formed by a thermally curable lacquer, optically curable lacquer, an optically and thermally curable lacquer or a structurable lacquer.
44. The electrical substrate according to claim 42, wherein the insulation layer is formed by a parylene layer.
45. The electrical substrate according to claim 42 wherein the insulation layer exhibits a thickness of about 1 \u03bcm to about 30 \u03bcm.
46. The electrical substrate according to claim 42 wherein the insulation layer on a portion of the conductor paths exhibits voids that reach to the underlying gold layer and that form test sites for the application of the biomolecules.
47. The electrical substrate according to claim 42 characterized in that the conductive pattern includes one or more vias that exhibit, disposed at their circumferential edge surface, a metal core made of a highly conductive base metal, and a gold layer surrounding the metal core, and the vias being continuously provided with a diffusion barrier layer that prevents direct contact of the electrolyte solution with the metal core during the electrochemical detection method.
48. The electrical substrate according to claim 47, wherein the metal core of the vias comprises tungsten or aluminum.
49. The electrical substrate according to claim 47 wherein the diffusion barrier layer is formed by an interlayer comprising nickel, titanium, or platinum disposed between the metal core of the vias and the external gold layer.
50. The electrical substrate according to claim 49 wherein the interlayer of the vias exhibits a thickness of about 0.01 \u03bcm to about 1 \u03bcm.
51. The electrical substrate according to claim 47 wherein the gold layer of the vias has a thickness of about 0.05 \u03bcm to about 0.75 \u03bcm.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for providing communication services to at least one mobile terminal in a communication network comprising a plurality of home agents, wherein said at least one mobile terminal uses at least one address to be served by a home agent identified within said plurality and said services are provided to said at least one mobile terminal within working sessions, comprising the steps of:
providing, in said communication network, an authentication, authorization and accounting platform;
selecting through said authentication, authorization and accounting platform, while said at least one mobile terminal is served by a first home agent in said plurality, a second home agent for serving said at least one mobile terminal;
reallocating the supply of said services to said at least one mobile terminal from said first home agent to said second home agent, wherein the reallocating comprises sending from said authentication, authorization and accounting platform to said at least one mobile terminal through said first home agent configuration information for configuring said at least one mobile terminal for accessing said services through said second home agent;
reallocating the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal from a first home agent to a second home agent of said plurality ensuring the survival of on-going application sessions;
pointing out through a status function the fact that said address used by said at least one mobile terminal for communications with said first home agent is configured to be used to start new communications andor only for ending the existing communications to ensure the survival of said current application sessions;
assigning to said status function at least one value selected from the group of:
a first value identifying that said address can be used to start new communications,
a second value identifying that said address can be used only for existing communications, and
a third value identifying that said address cannot be used either for new communications or for existing communications;
when said status function has said first value, assigning to said at least one mobile terminal a new address for communicating with said second home agent, thereby switching said status function from said first value to said second value; and
switching said status function from said second value to said third value when said at least one mobile terminal has ended all communications previously activated depending on the address used for communications with said first home agent.
2. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of sending from said authentication, authorization and accounting platform to said second home agent configuration information for configuring said second home agent to allow the supply of said services to said at least one mobile terminal.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said configuration information sent to said second home agent comprises parameters selected from the group of:
an identifier of said at least one mobile terminal,
a new address assigned to said at least one mobile terminal for communications with said second home agent, and
the necessary parameters for activating a security association that can be used in communications between said at least one mobile terminal and said second home agent.
4. The method according to claim 2, comprising the step of establishing a security association for protecting communications between said at least one mobile terminal and said second home agent through the steps of:
sending, from said authentication, authorization and accounting platform to said second home agent, at least one secret to establish said security association; and
deducing said secret from said at least one mobile terminal from the authentication procedure performed with said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
5. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of reallocating the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal from a first home agent to a second home agent of said plurality, the reallocation being started by said at least one mobile terminal.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said reallocation is subjected to a consent message from said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
7. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of reallocating the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal from a first home agent to a second home agent of said plurality, the reallocation being started by said first home agent.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said reallocation is subjected to a consent message from said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
9. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of reallocating the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal from a first home agent to a second home agent of said plurality, the reallocation being started by said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
10. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of reallocating the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal from a first home agent to a second home agent of said plurality when at least one condition occurs selected from the group of: said at least one mobile terminal detects that said second home agent is configured to provide said communication services with better performances with respect to said first home agent, said first home agent detects the occurrence of an overload situation, and said authentication, authorization and accounting platform detects that said second home agent is configured to provide to said at least one mobile terminal said communication services with better performances with respect to said first home agent.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said configuration information sent to said at least one mobile terminal through said first home agent comprises parameters selected from the group of:
address of said second home agent,
a new address assigned to said at least one mobile terminal for communications with said second home agent, and
the lifetime, possibly equal to infinite, of the address used by said at least one mobile terminal for communications with said first home agent.
12. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of forcing the passage of said status function from said second value to said third value when a timeout interval elapses.
13. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of configuring said network as network where the terminal mobility is managed with a mobile IP protocol.
14. A system for providing communication services to at least one mobile terminal in a communication network, comprising a plurality of home agents, wherein said at least one mobile terminal uses at least one address to be served by a home agent identified within said plurality, said services being provided to said at least one mobile terminal within working sessions, comprising:
an authentication, authorization and accounting platform, wherein said authentication, authorization and accounting platform is configured for:
selecting, while said at least one mobile terminal is served by a first home agent in said plurality, a second home agent for serving said at least one mobile terminal; and
reallocating the supply of said services to said at least one mobile terminal from said first home agent to said second home agent by sending to said at least one mobile terminal through said first home agent configuration information for configuring said at least one mobile terminal for accessing said services through said second home agent;
a first home agent and a second home agent of said plurality, the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal being able to be reallocated from said first to said second home agent ensuring the survival of on-going application sessions;
associated with the address used for communications between said at least one mobile terminal and said first home agent, a status function that points out that said address is configured to be used to start new communications andor to end existing communications to ensure the survival of the current application sessions;
wherein said status function is configured to assume at least one value selected from the group of:
a first value identifying that said address can be used to start new communications,
a second value identifying that said address can be used only for existing communications, and
a third value identifying that said address cannot be used either for new communications or for existing communications; and
wherein the system is further configured to:
when said status function has said first value, assign to said at least one mobile terminal a new address for communicating with said second home agent, thereby switching said status function from said first value to said second value, and
switch said status function from said second value to said third value when said at least one mobile terminal has ended all communications previously activated depending on the address used for communications with said first home agent.
15. The system according to claim 14, wherein said authentication, authorization and accounting platform is configured to send to said second home agent configuration information for configuring said second home agent to allow the supply of said services to said at least one mobile terminal.
16. The system according to claim 15, wherein said configuration information sent to said second home agent comprises parameters selected from the group of:
an identifier of said at least one mobile terminal,
a new address assigned to said at least one mobile terminal for communications with said second home agent, and
the necessary parameters for activating a security association that can be used in communications between said at least one mobile terminal and said second home agent.
17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the system is configured for establishing a security association for protecting communications between said at least one mobile terminal and said second home agent, the system comprising said authentication, authorization and accounting platform configured for sending to said second home agent at least one secret to establish said security association, and for deducing said secret from said at least one mobile terminal from the authentication procedure performed with said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
18. The system according to claim 14, comprising a first home agent and a second home agent of said plurality, the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal being able to be reallocated from said first to said second home agent, the reallocation being configured to be started by said at least one mobile terminal.
19. The system according to claim 18, wherein said reallocation is subjected to a consent message from said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
20. The system according to claim 14, comprising a first home agent and a second home agent of said plurality, the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal being able to be reallocated from said first to said second home agent, the reallocation being configured to be started by said first home agent.
21. The system according to claim 20, wherein said reallocation is subjected to a consent message from said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
22. The system according to claim 14, comprising a first home agent and a second home agent of said plurality, the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal being able to be reallocated from said first to said second home agent, the reallocation being configured to be started by said authentication, authorization and accounting platform.
23. The system according to claim 14, comprising a first home agent and a second home agent of said plurality, the supply of said communication services to said at least one mobile terminal being able to be reallocated from said first to said second home agent upon the occurrence of at least one condition selected from the group of: said at least one mobile terminal detects that said second home agent is configured to provide said communication services with better performances with respect to said first home agent, said first home agent detects the occurrence of an overload situation, and said authentication, authorization and accounting platform detects that said second home agent is configured to provide to said at least one mobile terminal said communication services with better performances with respect to said first home agent.
24. The system according to claim 14, wherein said configuration information sent to said at least one mobile terminal through said first home agent comprises parameters selected from the group of:
address of said second home agent,
a new address assigned to said at least one mobile terminal for communications with said second home agent, and
the lifetime, possibly equal to infinite, of the address used by said at least one mobile terminal for communications with said first home agent.
25. The system according to claim 14, wherein the system is configured for forcing the passage of said status function from said second value to said third value when a timeout interval elapses.
26. A communications network comprising a plurality of home agents for providing communication services to at least one mobile terminal, wherein said at least one mobile terminal is served by a home agent identified within said plurality and said services are provided to said at least one mobile terminal within working sessions, comprising a system according to claim 14.
27. A network according to claim 26, wherein said network is a network wherein the terminal mobility is managed with mobile IP protocol.
28. A non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with a computer program product loadable into a memory of at least one electronic computer and comprising portions of software code for performing the method according to claim 1.